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261.
262.
Marcel A. van den Hout Iris M. Engelhard Monique Smeets Eliane C.P. Dek Kim Turksma Renate Saric 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(6):535-539
Repeated and compulsive-like checking reduces confidence in memory for the last check. Obsessive-compulsive (OC) patients are not only uncertain about memory, but may also be uncertain about perception, while this perceptual uncertainty may be associated with prolonged visual fixation on the object of uncertainty. It was reported earlier that, among healthy participants, prolonged staring at light bulbs or gas rings induces OC-like uncertainty about perception and feelings of dissociation [van den Hout, M. A., Engelhard, I. M., de Boer, C., du Bois, A., & Dek, E. (2008). Perseverative and compulsive-like staring causes uncertainty about perception. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1300–1304]. In that study, staring continued for 10 min. For patients, however, staring intervals seem to be considerably shorter. To test the clinical credibility of the paradigm as a model of the maintenance of OC perceptual uncertainty, we investigated whether the effects of staring materialize long before 10 min. Five groups of 16 undergraduates participated: one group did not stare at a gas stove while the others stared for 7.5, 15, 30 or 300 s. In the absence of staring, no pre-to-post increase in dissociation/uncertainty was reported, but after staring it was. The larger part of the observed dissociation/uncertainty after 5 min had occurred within 30 s, and around 50% of this maximal increase was reported between 7.5 and 15 s. Thus, even relatively short intervals of staring induce uncertainty about perception and dissociative experiences. Perseverative looking at objects may be a counter-productive OC strategy, which increases uncertainty about perception and may serve to maintain the disorder. 相似文献
263.
Hilde Eileen Nafstad Rolv Mikkel Blakar Erik Carlquist Joshua Marvle Phelps Kim Rand-Hendriksen 《American journal of community psychology》2009,43(1-2):162-175
A longitudinal analysis (1984–2005) of media language in Norway is presented, demonstrating how the current globalized capitalist market ideology is now permeating this long-established Scandinavian welfare state. This ideological shift carries powerful implications for community psychology, as traditional welfare state values of equal services based on a universalistic principle are set aside, and social and material inequalities are increasingly accepted. The methodology developed in the present study may serve as a “barometer of community changes”, to borrow a metaphor used by Sarason (2000). 相似文献
264.
There is evidence that we may be more likely to share stories about other people to the extent that they arouse emotion. If so, this emotional social talk may have important social consequences, providing the basis for many of our social beliefs and mobilising people to engage or disengage with the targets of the talk. Across three studies, we tested the situated communicability of emotional social information by examining if the ability of emotionality to increase communicability would depend on the emotion that was aroused and the identity of the audience. Study 1 showed that participants were more willing to share social anecdotes that aroused interest, surprise, disgust and happiness with an unspecified audience. Study 2 provided a behavioural replication of these findings. Study 3 showed that the communicability of emotional social talk did vary with audience identity (friend or stranger). Together, these findings suggest that emotional social events (particularly those that arouse disgust and happiness) are likely to become part of a society's social beliefs, with important consequences for the structure of social relationships. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
265.
Lenneke R. A. Alink Dante Cicchetti Jungmeen Kim Fred A. Rogosch 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):831-843
The present study investigated underlying processes of the effect of maltreatment on psychopathology (i.e., internalizing
and externalizing problems) in a group of 111 maltreated and 110 nonmaltreated 7–10 year-old children (60% boys). We tested
the moderating and/or mediating roles of emotion regulation and the mother-child relationship quality (pattern of relatedness)
using Structural Equation Modeling. Emotion regulation, but not the pattern of relatedness, mediated the relation between
maltreatment and psychopathology. This mediation was moderated by the pattern of relatedness: For the group of children with
an insecure pattern of relatedness, maltreatment was related to lower levels of emotion regulation, which was predictive of
higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. In contrast, for the secure relatedness group, there was
no mediation by emotion regulation since the impact of maltreatment on emotion regulation was not significant. Implications
of the mediating role of emotion regulation and the buffering role of the mother-child relationship quality were discussed.
相似文献
Lenneke R. A. AlinkEmail: |
266.
Russell D. Ravert Seth J. Schwartz Byron L. Zamboanga Su Yeong Kim Robert S. Weisskirch Melina Bersamin 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(7):763-768
This study examines the roles of sensation seeking and invulnerability as predictors of health compromising behaviors in a multiethnic sample of 1690 emerging adult college students (mean age = 19.8, range 18–25 years) from nine US colleges and universities. Participants completed the Arnett Sensation Seeking Inventory and the Adolescent Invulnerability Scale; and reported how often they had participated in a set of health compromising risk behaviors (i.e., substance use, impaired driving, and sexual behaviors) in the 30 days prior to assessment. Sensation seeking and danger invulnerability scores were moderately correlated (r = .30). Findings from a series of multivariate Poisson regression analyses suggest that when considered simultaneously as predictors, sensation seeking appears to be a general risk factor associated with engagement in a variety of risk behaviors, whereas danger invulnerability is primarily a factor in those risk behaviors that are less common among peers (e.g., hard drug use, casual sex, and driving while intoxicated). 相似文献
267.
Teena Willoughby Eileen Wood Malinda Desjarlais Lindsay Williams Kim Leacy Lisa Sedore 《Sex roles》2009,61(11-12):864-878
This study assessed the quality of social interactions that occur in group-based computer learning contexts. Gender comparisons of interactions were examined across 3 sessions with 116 preschoolers (M age?=?4.9 years) and 108 fifth and sixth-grade (M age?=?11.7 years) Canadian children from southwestern Ontario, when children had access to one computer per child (parallel computer) or one computer per group (integrated computer), and when they worked with same-gender or mixed-gender peers. Preschoolers engaged in more collaborative behaviors in mixed-gender than same-gender groups, while elementary children engaged in collaborative behaviors more often in integrated than parallel computer conditions. In mixed-gender groups, boys were more likely than girls to dominate the computer in elementary school while girls were more likely than boys to dominate the computer in preschool. 相似文献
268.
A substantial body of experimental evidence has demonstrated that labels have an impact on infant categorization processes. Yet little is known regarding the nature of the mechanisms by which this effect is achieved. We distinguish between two competing accounts: supervised name-based categorization and unsupervised feature-based categorization. We describe a neurocomputational model of infant visual categorization, based on self-organizing maps, that implements the unsupervised feature-based approach. The model successfully reproduces experiments demonstrating the impact of labeling on infant visual categorization reported in Plunkett, Hu, and Cohen (2008) . It mimics infant behavior in both the familiarization and testing phases of the procedure, using a training regime that involves only single presentations of each stimulus and using just 24 participant networks per experiment. The model predicts that the observed behavior in infants is due to a transient form of learning that might lead to the emergence of hierarchically organized categorical structure and that the impact of labels on categorization is influenced by the perceived similarity and the sequence in which the objects are presented. The results suggest that early in development, say before 12 months old, labels need not act as invitations to form categories nor highlight the commonalities between objects, but they may play a more mundane but nevertheless powerful role as additional features that are processed in the same fashion as other features that characterize objects and object categories. 相似文献
269.
Jungmeen Kim Michael E. McCullough Dante Cicchetti 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(5):594-605
We investigated the role of parents’ and children’s religiosity in behavioral adjustment among maltreated and nonmaltreated
children. Data were collected on 170 maltreated and 159 nonmaltreated children from low-income families (mean age = 10 years).
We performed dyadic data analyses to examine unique contributions of parents’ and children’s religiosity and their interaction
to predicting child internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. A four group structural equation modeling was used to
test whether the structural relations among religiosity predictors and child outcomes differed by child maltreatment status
and child gender. We found evidence of parent-child religiosity interaction suggesting that (1) parents’ frequent church attendance
was related to lower levels of internalizing symptomatology among nonmaltreated children with low church attendance and (2)
parents’ importance of faith was associated with lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology among nonmaltreated
children with low faith. The results suggest that independent effects of parents’ religiosity varied depending on children’s
religiosity and parent-child relationship. 相似文献
270.