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51.
This study explored patterns emerging in videotaped sessions of group psychotherapy with seven outpatients of a large mental health facility. The 22 sessions spanned the 12th to 27th months of the group's existence. Group members had long histories (25–50 years) of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia. Each session was rated on the Group Environment Scale. One session from a group in its earlier stages was also rated on the same instrument to give some indication of baseline patterns. Analyses of changes across the 15 months were not statistically significant. However, some GES subscales, including Cohesion, Independence, and Self-Discovery, showed relatively high mean levels across the 15-month period. These elevations are discussed as suggesting the codevelopment of orientations that have sometimes been viewed as incompatible and unattainable for schizophrenics. Interpreted clinically, the GES patterns help to elaborate recent findings about the relatively good success of long-term group therapy with such populations. The study, although merely suggestive, illustrates the potential for gleaning solid and clinically useful data from group psychotherapy research.The authors would like to thank Drs. Jill Rierdan, Nina Fieldsteel, Joseph Christy, and an anonymous reviewer for their suggestions, Kendra Bryant for serving as the reliability rater, and Janet Eltinge for her skilled videotaping. 相似文献
52.
This study sought to investigate the effects of mild head injury on a particular type of cognitive ability, verbal analogical
reasoning. The performance of 19 individuals with head injuries was compared to a group of 30 control subjects matched for
age, education, and gender on 100 verbal analogies. Solution times and error rates were modeled. Unstandardized regression
weights for individual subjects were correlated with subjects’ performance on a number of standardized ability tests. Results
showed that compared to the control subjects, the head injured subjects: (a) were significantly slower to solve the analogies,
and were particularly slow to perform certain processes: encoding/inference and comparison; (b) tended to show greater variability
in performance; and (c) had data that had a poorer componential model fit. The data suggest that analogical reasoning is affected
by a head injury, and that certain information processes may be responsible for performance deficits. 相似文献
53.
Contemporary research on the construction of the self emphasizes the products rather than the process of self-development.
Borrowing from the writings of William James and contemporary views of natural selection, we propose a model ofevolutionary self-construction. Grounded in the principles of evolution and the philosophy of pragmatism, evolutionary self-construction proposes a process
that guides the seeking of “truth” inpossible selves. According to this view, the self develops in response to uncertainty reduction with the “correct” self identified
via the “sentiment of rationality.” Selves presently identified as correct are considered to be “instruments of action” that
facilitate the interaction between an individual and the environment. Selected selves can then be developed to one’s best
advantage and presented in an optimal fashion. This model helps organize contemporary frameworks around a common theme and
embraces affect as a central component in the development of the self.
A previous version of this paper was presented at the 98th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston,
MA. 相似文献
54.
55.
The current study meta-analyzes 59 male-female pairs of validity coefficients obtained during revalidation of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) for evidence of differential validity by sex. Results suggest that general cognitive ability may be slightly more predictive of rated job performance for women than for men in our sample of studies. Moderator analyses examined the effects of occupational sex-dominance and cognitive complexity. Results of these analyses indicate that, in single sex-dominated occupations, tests of general cognitive ability and perceptual ability are more valid for members of the dominant sex, and these differences are more apparent at low-complexity levels. Explanations for the findings are offered in terms of properties of the ratings criterion.An earlier version of this paper was given at the 2nd annual convention of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc., Atlanta, GA. The authors thank Dave Synk for providing the occupation codes for each study. 相似文献
56.
Michael S. Wogalter D. Bradley Marwitz David C. Leonard 《Applied cognitive psychology》1992,6(5):443-453
The present research examined whether line-ups based on target (‘suspect’) face similarity are biased or suggestive. Four experiments are described in which subjects constructed photographic line-ups by selecting foils similar in appearance to a target. Later, another group of subjects who had not seen the faces before (mock witnesses) were asked to pick out the targets from the line-ups. All four experiments showed that mock witnesses selected the target significantly more often than expected by chance, thereby demonstrating suggestiveness. Three alternative line-up construction methods were also evaluated. In these methods, foil selection was based not only on target similarity but also on similarity with one or more of the other line-up faces. Results showed that alternative line-up targets were not selected significantly more often than chance, suggesting that bias was reduced. An overall analysis showed that the alternative line-ups were significantly less suggestive than target-based line-ups. The results indicate that foil selection procedures that incorporate foil-to-foil similarity produce fairer line-ups than those exclusively based on target similarity. 相似文献
57.
Sixty-five subjects reported amount of social support given and received, and satisfaction with relationships where support exchanges took place. Negative affect from relationships, psychological symptoms, and happiness were also measured. Multiple regression analyses showed that receiving and giving support was related to some negative feelings toward the relationships concerned. Receiving support was also related to inflated anxiety symptoms. Effects of receiving support on guilt and dependent feelings were moderated by relationship satisfaction. Effects of giving support on anxiety were also moderated by relationship satisfaction. Extraversion and satisfaction with relationships predicted happiness. There were some individual differences in support exchanges. Extraverts gave more support. Women received more support whereas conscientious people received less. 相似文献
58.
Michael E. Mills 《Behavior research methods》1992,24(2):321-325
GRADER, a computer program that makes student test and/or course letter grade recommendations to instructors, is described. The program uses an algorithm to combine the content mastery (percentage correct) and peer comparison (“curve”) approaches to set grade cutoffs. In addition to standardizing the procedures with which letter grade cutoffs are made, GRADER may help to reduce instructor grading subjectivity and obviate tendencies toward grade inflation or deflation. 相似文献
59.
Clint Bowers Eduardo Salas Carolyn Prince Michael Brannick 《Behavior research methods》1992,24(4):503-506
Teams are playing an increasingly important role in the workplace. However, reviews of the team performance literature have suggested that there are serious deficiencies in our understanding of team processes and performance (e.g., Dyer, 1984). These difficulties may be attributable, in part, to the lack of laboratory methodologies to investigate team performance. This paper describes the use of low-fidelity simulations as a potentially useful paradigm for researching team coordination and performance. This paradigm is advantageous in that it offers relatively high levels of experimental control and task representation at a low cost. 相似文献
60.