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221.
疾病分布是流行病学的一个十分重要的基本概念,是流行病学探索疾病规律的研究起点,是流行病学区别于其他医学学科的、独特的研究视角.疾病分布理论在研究病因、发现疾病重点人群、制订疾病防制策略与措施实践中被广泛应用,其中蕴涵着丰富的哲学内涵. 相似文献
222.
Winston D. Goh Lidia Suárez Melvin J. Yap Seok Hui Tan 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):882-887
In the present article, the effects of phonological neighborhood density and word frequency in spoken word recognition were
examined using distributional analyses of response latencies in auditory lexical decision. A density × frequency interaction
was observed in mean latencies; frequency effects were larger for low-density words than for high-density words. Distributional
analyses further revealed that for low-density words, frequency effects were reflected in both distributional shifting and
skewing, whereas for high-density words, frequency effects were purely mediated by distributional skewing. The results suggest
that word frequency plays a role in early auditory word recognition only when there is relatively little competition between
similar-sounding words, and that frequency effects in high-density words reflect postlexical checking. 相似文献
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224.
Natural sample spaces and uncertain belief. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article proposes a novel framework for understanding judgments of probability. Both accurate and inaccurate judgments are conceptualized in terms of the sets of information, or sample spaces, on which they are based. When appropriate sample spaces are easily accessed from memory (e.g., when they correspond to natural cognitive categories), people will make relatively accurate judgments; otherwise, people may substitute more accessible but inappropriate sample spaces and make judgment errors. In 3 experiments, the sample space framework was applied to account for the base rate fallacy. Results showed that (a) people spontaneously access sample spaces that correspond to natural categories, (b) reliance on inappropriate sample spaces produces the base rate fallacy, and (c) highlighting appropriate sample spaces improves the sensitivity of people's judgments to base rates. Discussion extends the framework to explain accuracy and error in other judgment domains. 相似文献
225.
Do people at different levels of second language proficiency perceive and interact with other speakers differently? Conceptual analyses suggested three possibilities. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the hypotheses derived from the conceptual analyses. Forty Chinese undergraduates (half of whom were high and half of whom were low in English language proficiency) listened to English speeches by either high or low proficiency speakers, and rated the speakers on ten personality traits and ten behavioural intention items. High and low proficiency listeners did not differ in their impressions of the speakers or the behavioural intention towards them. However, speaker proficiency strongly affected the listeners' person perception and behavioural intention. Results from a hierarchical multiple regression supported the hypothesis that speaker proficiency influenced person perception, which in turn influenced behavioural intention. 相似文献
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采用追踪设计,对贵州省487名留守青少年进行间隔6个月的两次追踪调查,考察同伴侵害对男女留守青少年主观幸福感的影响以及自尊、教师支持和朋友支持在其中的作用。结果表明:(1)同伴侵害不仅能显著负向预测半年后留守青少年的主观幸福感,还能通过自尊的中介作用间接预测主观幸福感;(2)朋友支持可以显著缓解同伴侵害对男女留守青少年主观幸福感的消极影响:当朋友支持较低时,同伴侵害对男女留守青少年主观幸福感的消极作用显著,当朋友支持较高时则不存在显著影响;(3)教师支持可以显著缓解同伴侵害对留守女生主观幸福感的直接作用:相对于高教师支持的女生,同伴侵害对主观幸福感的影响在低教师支持的女生中更强;教师支持还可以调节留守女生同伴侵害与自尊之间的关系:相对于低教师支持的女生,同伴侵害对自尊的影响在高教师支持的女生中更显著。 相似文献
228.
药品临床试验的伦理规范与医学科技进步--对非洲等地开展HIV药品临床试验的思考 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目前,在非洲等地进行的HIV药品临床试验已成为国际上最有争议的话题之一.药品临床试验促进了医学科技的进步和发展,但同时带来了一些突出而复杂的伦理问题.面对这一难题,我们应正确看待医学科技进步与伦理之间的关系,以"尊重、公正、不伤害、受益"这一伦理基本原则指导HIV药品临床试验,促进医学和伦理道德的共同进步、协调发展. 相似文献
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中药之“毒”由来已久,从食物中脱离的“毒药”与早期医学建立联系,随后在《黄帝内经》中形成中药之“毒”的理论框架,历经两千多年临床实践的丰富与发展,一个具有辩证逻辑的中药之“毒”理论体系最终得以呈现,在近现代科学思想影响下,中药之“毒”概念又有了新的突破。中药之“毒”概念的变迁史,也是与中医理论体系的关系史,在变迁历程中体现的直观性、模糊性、稳定性以及融合性四大特征有助于科学认识中药之“毒”,进而得出中药安全性研究应合乎中医自身特色,为解决当下中药安全性争议提供思路。
相似文献