感激情绪的认知评估体系

本文从情绪认知理论的角度出发, 通过3个研究探究与感激情绪有关的认知评价维度, 进而建立感激情绪的认知评价体系。研究1使用回忆不同类型的情绪性事件法初步探究了感激情绪的认知评估体系; 研究2使用操作认知评估维度法探究了认知评价的变化对感激体验的影响; 研究3使用故事情境法分别从个体特质和情境因素的角度, 探究个体特质与感激情绪之间的关系如何受到个体认知评价的影响, 进而为感激情绪的评价体系提供更多的证据支持。研究1发现感激情绪体验与受关怀感、符合道德规范和他人负责性3个维度之间存在正相关关系。研究2发现3个认知评估维度体验的有无均会导致个体在感激情绪体验上出现显著差异。研究3表明感激特质可以预测个体的认知评价和感激情绪体验; 同时, 受关怀感、道德规范、他人负责3个认知评价维度在感激特质与感激情绪关系间起到中介作用。结论：3个研究结果表明, 受关怀感、道德规范、他人负责性3个认知评价维度与感激密切相关, 并在区分开感激与自豪、亏欠感等情绪中起重要作用。因此, 这3个认识评估维度共同组成了感激情绪认知评价体系。     

发展性计算障碍的最新研究进展

发展性计算障碍是一种影响算术技能获得的特定的学习障碍。截至目前,有关发展性计算障碍的认知与神经机制的理论尚存分歧,有关诊断与鉴别标准也未统一。近年来,对于发展性计算障碍的理论假设有从一般认知因素取向到数学特定因素取向发展的趋势。而随着脑成像技术的不断发展,对于发展性计算障碍神经机制的研究也从针对单个脑区的特异性功能发展到从功能连接网络角度进行研究。并且研究者们开始尝试开发基于数学认知基本理论的干预方法,并采用了利用生物技术手段的新方法。基因-脑-行为的整合研究将有助于全面揭示发展性计算障碍的发生机制,而建立在系统理论基础上经过科学评估的干预手段将可能有效促进障碍者的计算能力。     

成人认知功能的发展与老化：一项控制同辈效应的横断研究

为探索成人认知功能的发展与认知老化轨迹,基于中华成人智力量表常模样本数据,统计控制教育水平和职业构成以部分消除同辈效应,考察智商和智力指数的年龄趋势。结果晶体智力指数(CI)在25~44岁间增加0.69分后缓慢递减,高低差值3.3分;注意记忆指数(AMI)在25~44岁间共减少3.3分,45岁后各组均数以3分左右的速度递减。流体智力指数(FI)和智商的年龄差异模式与AMI类似,幅度缩减。提示中国成人晶体智力在74岁前比较稳定,没有明显老化,流体智力和注意记忆能力可能在45岁开始明显线性老化。     

The effect of motion at encoding and retrieval for same- and other-race face recognition

In an experimental study, we assessed the role of motion when encoding and recognizing unfamiliar faces, using an old/new recognition memory paradigm. Our findings revealed a clear advantage for learning unfamiliar faces moving non-rigidly, compared with static faces. This advantage for motion was found with both same- and other-race faces. Furthermore, results indicate that it is more important that the face is learnt in motion than recognized from a moving clip. Interestingly, despite a reliable other-race effect being revealed, participants were able to utilize motion information exhibited by other-race faces in a manner akin to the motion advantage found for same-race faces. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the nature of the stored face representations, considering whether the facilitative role found here can be explained by factors other than motion per se.     

Developmental Trajectories of Maladaptive Perfectionism in Middle Childhood

The developmental trajectories of maladaptive perfectionism, along with their consequences and origins, were examined in middle childhood. A sample of Singaporean children and their parents (N = 302) were recruited for a longitudinal study when the children were 7 years old. Subsequent follow‐up assessments were made at ages 8, 9, and 11. A multimethod approach was adopted where parent reports, child reports, and observational data on a dyadic interaction task were obtained. Using latent class growth modeling, four distinct classes were obtained for critical self‐oriented perfectionism (SOP‐C), whereas two classes emerged for socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP). Children with high and/or increasing SOP‐C and SPP trajectories constituted 60% and 78% of the sample, respectively. For both SOP‐C and SPP, trajectories with high initial status were associated with higher internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Parental intrusiveness and negative parenting predicted high and/or increasing SOP‐C trajectories, whereas the child temperament dimension of surgency predicted high SPP trajectory. Both SOP‐C and SPP trajectories tended to co‐occur, suggesting a mutually reinforcing process. This study yields important findings that help advance current understanding of the emergence and developmental pathways of maladaptive perfectionism in children.     

4～6岁幼儿对口语和文字信息的信任及运用

研究以混合物分类为实验任务,探讨在面对口语和文字两种信息时,4~6岁中国幼儿的信任特点,在信任任务之后的即时和延时两个时间点上考察幼儿对所信任信息的运用,以及分析阅读水平对幼儿信息信任和运用的影响。研究结果表明:(1)4~6岁中国幼儿对不同类型信息都表现出高度信任,相较于口语信息,阅读水平高的幼儿表现出对文字信息的信任偏好;(2)幼儿在后续任务中较少运用所信任的信息,随着时间的推移,幼儿运用的口语信息持续减少,但文字信息的运用呈现先降后升的特点;(3)阅读水平在不同时间点上影响幼儿对所信任信息的运用,阅读水平低的幼儿在短时间内更多地运用口语信息,而阅读水平高的幼儿在更长时间里显著更多地使用文字信息。未来研究应进一步探究文字意识对幼儿文字信息信任和后续运用的作用。     

Counterfactuals and Context-Sensitivity

It is commonly agreed that when evaluating the validity of an argument involving context-sensitive expressions, the context should be held fixed. In their 2008 essay “Counterfactuals and Context,” Brogaard and Salerno argue further that context should be held fixed when evaluating an argument involving counterfactuals for validity, since, as many will agree, counterfactuals are context-sensitive. In the present paper, it will however be argued that Brogaard and Salerno fail to distinguish between two different roles that context plays in determining the meaning of a given counterfactual. If they were fully aware of the distinction between these two roles played by context, they might propose a contextualist approach to counterfactuals, as has been developed by Ichikawa in his 2011 paper “Quantifiers, Knowledge, and Counterfactuals.”     

儿童家庭读写活动、早期读写水平与小学一年级语文课成绩的关系

从读写萌发的观点出发,探讨6至7岁儿童的家庭读写活动、早期读写水平与其在校语文成绩的关系。研究结果显示:在控制儿童的非言语智力和父母的教育水平等变量后,(1)只有儿童的非正式家庭读写活动能够显著预测其口头词汇;(2)只有儿童的正式家庭读写活动能够显著预测其识字量;(3)只有儿童入学时的识字量能够显著预测他们一年级时的语文成绩和平时语文课表现;(4)儿童的口头词汇和家庭读写活动均无法预测其在校的语文课成绩。     

重症免疫性血小板减少性紫癜紧急救治方案的探讨

为了探讨重症免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的治疗方案,回顾性分析118例接受激素(92例)或丙种球蛋白(16例)或rhTPO(10例)治疗患者的临床资料,分析疗效及不良反应.结果显示:(1)激素组,丙种球蛋白组和rhTPO组总有效率分别为76.1%、81.3%和70%,组间差异无统计学意义.复发组有效率(67.3%)明显低于初治组(83.3%,P<0.05),PAIgG伴PAIgM升高组有效率明显低于不伴PAIgM升高组(P<0.05);(2)血小板达峰时间:激素组为(5.70±3.68)d,丙种球蛋白组为(4.31±0.75)d,rhTPO组为(5.00±1.63)d,激素组与丙种球蛋白组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)不良反应:激素组均出现类库欣综合征表现,丙种球蛋白组未见不良反应,1例(10%)rhTPO组患者出现轻度转氨酶增高.总之,丙种球蛋白和rhTPO治疗成人重症ITP疗效好,不良反应轻微.     

健康教育及口腔疾病的健康教育处方

生物-心理-社会医学模式的健康观是符合社会发展的时代的产物.随着生活水平的提高,人们对于健康的追求也有了很大程度提高.人们不满足于对疾病的防治,而是要提高生活质量.只有明确什么是健康,追求健康才会有目标,故而健康教育的意义就显得尤为重要.本文就防治口腔疾病的个性化健康教育方案进行了探讨,相信在不久的将来口腔健康教育处方的重要性将会众所周知.