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81.
Richard L. Port Heather A. Murphy R. DAniel Miller Kevin S. Seybold 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1997,15(4):332-339
present research examined the role of hippocampal NMDA-dependent synaptic potentiation on appetitive instrumental conditioning
under a continuous reinforcement schedule. In the first experiment, low (.025 mg.kg) or moderate (.05 mg/kg) dosages of the
NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801, failed to increase the number of training days required to reach acquisition criterion; number
of training days required to reach criterion for extinction were also unaffected. In the second experiment, a higher dosage
(.10 mg/kg) of MK801 or induction of long-term potentiation failed to alter the number of responses occurring during acquisition.
These data suggest that hippocampal synaptic potentiation does not play a prominent role in instrumental learning with simple
contingency conditions. It is suggested that hippocampal LTP reflects a perceptual process that contributes differentially
to spatial cognition, classical and instrumental conditioning. 相似文献
82.
The focus of this paper is mechanisms that may be responsible for intellectual and developmental differences in the cognitive strategies of typical and atypical children, including those with mental retardation. The discussion of these mechanisms is based on behavioral experiments on external memory strategies and on a set of neural network models designed for these tasks. Following the review of the external memory research, the rationale for using neural network models, how they have been used in other research, and their specific application to intellectual and developmental differences in external memory, including the results of several simulations, are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the mechanisms of intellectual differences and developmental change included in the models and some challenges for this type of modeling. Neural network modeling is discussed as an asset to research on cognitive development. 相似文献
83.
Two studies of college undergraduates (ns = 95 and 92, primarily non-Hispanic whites and Asian Americans) investigated gender stereotypes of stress and emotion, as
well as variables that influence the perception of gender-related differences. Study 1 assessed how gender stereotypes differ
from the self-reports of men and women. When asked to choose a label for the subjective experience of the average man and
the average woman in a series of problematic hypothetical situations, participants generally tended to believe that the average
female would feel ‘emotional,” but that the average male would feel “stressed.” By contrast, the label participants chose
to describe their own subjective experience was not significantly affected by their gender. In addition, participants believed
the average woman and man differed more in the intensity of their emotions than in the intensity of their stress, a belief
contradicted by their own self-reports. Results of Study 2 indicated that gender-related differences in estimations of stress
and emotion for the self were reduced or eliminated when specific information about experience-eliciting situations was provided.
We would like to thank Matthew Dank for his help in preparing the stimulus materials. 相似文献
84.
85.
Most previous research into gender role stereotypes in the mass media has concentrated on television or print. Only one content
analysis (Furnham & Schofield, 1986) has examined radio content, finding patterns of bias in British radio commercials consistent
with, though less marked than, those in television commercials. The present study sought to determine whether similar patterns
obtain in another Western country’s radio commercials collected approximately a decade later. Over 100 Australian radio ads
were content analyzed, and results very similar to those of the earlier study were obtained. The findings are discussed in
terms of their implications for studies of gender role development and audience reactions to media content.
We are grateful to Elyse Frankel and Jason Low for assistance in data coding and checking, and to two anonymous reviewers
for constructive commentaries on an earlier version. 相似文献
86.
Many myths have been identified surrounding rape, rapists, and rape victims. This study reexamines the acceptance of rape myths across gender role ideologies and selected demographic characteristics to identify core myths. Three myth categories were established and investigated: blaming the woman, excusing the man, and justifications for acquaintance rape. Findings indicate that rape myths remain prevalent and adherence to myths is related to demographic factors and gender role attitudes. Overall, respondents tend to excuse the man more than blame the woman. Males accept rape myths more than females. Racial differences emerged most strongly on the justifications for acquaintance rape dimension. Individuals with a conservative gender role ideology believe rape myths more than those with more liberal ideologies. While core myths did not emerge from the data, the most revealing finding is that summative scaling techniques used in previous studies may mask important differences, between and within the three dimensions, in rape myth acceptance among the groups studied. 相似文献
87.
Richard L. Port Heather A. Murphy R. DAniel Miller Kevin S. Seybold 《Current Psychology》1997,15(4):332-339
present research examined the role of hippocampal NMDA-dependent synaptic potentiation on appetitive instrumental conditioning
under a continuous reinforcement schedule. In the first experiment, low (.025 mg.kg) or moderate (.05 mg/kg) dosages of the
NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801, failed to increase the number of training days required to reach acquisition criterion; number
of training days required to reach criterion for extinction were also unaffected. In the second experiment, a higher dosage
(.10 mg/kg) of MK801 or induction of long-term potentiation failed to alter the number of responses occurring during acquisition.
These data suggest that hippocampal synaptic potentiation does not play a prominent role in instrumental learning with simple
contingency conditions. It is suggested that hippocampal LTP reflects a perceptual process that contributes differentially
to spatial cognition, classical and instrumental conditioning. 相似文献
88.
Abstract— Becoming a proficient symbol user is a universal developmental last in the first years of life, but delecting and mentally representing symbolic relations can be quite challenging for young children To test the extent to which symbolic reasoning per se is problematic, we compared the performance of 2-year-olds in symbolic and nonsymbolic versions of a search task. The children had to use their knowledge of the location of a toy hidden in a room to draw an inference about where to find a miniature toy in a scale model of the room (and vice versa) Children in the nonsymbolic condition believed a shrinking machine had caused the room to become the model They were much more successful than children in the symbolic condition, for whom the model served as a symbol of the room The symbol understanding and use. 相似文献
89.
THE SIMILARITY OF BRAIN ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH TRUE AND FALSE RECOGNITION MEMORY DEPENDS ON TEST FORMAT 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Marcia K. Johnson Scott F. Nolde Mara Mather John Kounios Daniel L. Schacter Tim Curran 《Psychological science》1997,8(3):250-257
Abstract— Event-related potentials (ERPs) were compared for correct recognitions of previously presented words and false recognitions of associatively related, nonpresented words (lures). When the test items were presented blocked by test type (old, new, lure), waveforms for old and lure items were different, especially at frontal and left parietal electrode sites, consistent with previous positron emission tomography (PET) data (Schacter, Reiman, et. al., 1996). When the test format randomly intermixed the types of items, waveforms for old and lure items were more similar. We suggest that test format affects the type of processing subjects engage in, consistent with expectations from the source-monitoring framework (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993). These results also indicate that brain activity as assessed by neuroimaging designs requiring blocked presentation of trials (e g, PET) do not necessarily reflect the brain activity that occurs in cognitive-behavioral paradigms, in which types of test trials are typically intermixed. 相似文献
90.