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991.
Building Links Between Early Socioeconomic Status,Cognitive Ability,and Math and Science Achievement
The present study examined whether and how socioeconomic status (SES) predicts school achievement in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) using structural equation modeling and data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Child Care and Youth Development. The present inquiry addresses gaps in previous research linking SES and STEM achievement in high school. Results indicate that maternal education predicts the child’s early environment, which itself predicts the development of executive function (EF) and language, and thereby, STEM achievement. Moreover, children’s language ability and EF development influenced higher-order cognitive skills, such as relational reasoning, planning, and basic calculation skills. However, only relational reasoning strongly predicted high school math and science achievement, suggesting that relational reasoning, but not planning and calculation skills, was central to STEM thinking and learning. 相似文献
992.
993.
This research explores the relationship between collective efficacy and aspects of analytic or vigilant problem solving (Janis, 1989) in the context of group decision making. We hypothesized that vigilant problem solving would be most evident under conditions of relatively moderate collective efficacy, as opposed to either very high or very low collective efficacy. We investigated this hypothesis with groups of business students who participated in a complex business strategy simulation. Results show a significant curvilinear relationship between collective efficacy and vigilant problem solving, and a significant linear relationship between vigilant problem solving and decision outcomes. There is also evidence that vigilant problem solving mediates the relationship between collective efficacy and decision outcomes. Implications for theory, managerial practice, and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
994.
David S. Albeck Kevin D. Beck Ling-Hsuan Kung Kazuhiro Sano Francis X. Brennan 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2005,40(1):28-34
In addition to their well-known role in neural development, the neurotrophins BDNF and NGF help mediate the plasticity that
occurs in the brain to promote learning. Exposure to learning procedures often leads to increases in neurotrophins, while
exposure to stress often results in decreases. It is unclear how the neurotrophins would respond to an aversive learning task.
Therefore, BDNF and NGF content in the dorsal striatum, hippocampus, and basal forebrain was measured following discrete trial
lever-press escape/avoidance conditioning. Conditioning significantly increased levels of both neurotrophins in hippocampus
and basal forebrain, relative to home cage controls (HCC). Contrary to expectations, the dorsal striatum did not show any
significant changes. However, significant correlations were observed between dorsal striatal neurotrophins and aspects of
avoidance performance. This may indicate that the dorsal striatum is involved in the performance aspects of the task. Results
are discussed in terms of the role of neurotrophins in the acquisition of new information, and the neural structures involved
in different types of memory. 相似文献
995.
Traci Rieckmann Holly Fussell Kevin Doyle Jay Ford Katherine J. Riley Stuart Henderson 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2011,31(2):80-93
Substance abuse treatment agencies serving youth face unique barriers to providing quality care. Interviews with 17 adolescent programs found that family engagement, community involvement, and gender and diversity issues affected treatment delivery. Programs report organizational change efforts with implications for future process improvement initiatives. 相似文献
996.
Murty VP LaBar KS Hamilton DA Adcock RA 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2011,18(11):712-717
The present study investigated the effects of approach versus avoidance motivation on declarative learning. Human participants navigated a virtual reality version of the Morris water task, a classic spatial memory paradigm, adapted to permit the experimental manipulation of motivation during learning. During this task, participants were instructed to navigate to correct platforms while avoiding incorrect platforms. To manipulate motivational states participants were either rewarded for navigating to correct locations (approach) or punished for navigating to incorrect platforms (avoidance). Participants' skin conductance levels (SCLs) were recorded during navigation to investigate the role of physiological arousal in motivated learning. Behavioral results revealed that, overall, approach motivation enhanced and avoidance motivation impaired memory performance compared to nonmotivated spatial learning. This advantage was evident across several performance indices, including accuracy, learning rate, path length, and proximity to platform locations during probe trials. SCL analysis revealed three key findings. First, within subjects, arousal interacted with approach motivation, such that high arousal on a given trial was associated with performance deficits. In addition, across subjects, high arousal negated or reversed the benefits of approach motivation. Finally, low-performing, highly aroused participants showed SCL responses similar to those of avoidance-motivation participants, suggesting that for these individuals, opportunities for reward may evoke states of learning similar to those typically evoked by threats of punishment. These results provide a novel characterization of how approach and avoidance motivation influence declarative memory and indicate a critical and selective role for arousal in determining how reinforcement influences goal-oriented learning. 相似文献
997.
Kathleen S. Wilson Kevin S. Spink Carly S. Priebe 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2011,12(6):579-582
Objectives
This study examined different scheduling demands as a moderator of the self-regulatory efficacy (SRE)/physical activity relationship.Design
A prospective design was used.Method
Adolescents (N = 275) reported SRE and activity during times that reflected high and low scheduling demands.Results
When scheduling demands were high, SRE predicted individual activity behavior (p < .001). During a period that reflected lower scheduling demands, however, SRE did not predict physical activity behavior (p = .25).Conclusions
These findings support the idea that the level of challenge (demands) may be an important factor to consider when examining the SRE/activity behavior relationship. 相似文献998.
Successful emotion regulation is important for maintaining psychological well-being. Although it is known that emotion regulation strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, may have divergent consequences for emotional responses, the cognitive processes underlying these differences remain unclear. Here we used eye-tracking to investigate the role of attentional deployment in emotion regulation success. We hypothesized that differences in the deployment of attention to emotional areas of complex visual scenes may be a contributing factor to the differential effects of these two strategies on emotional experience. Eye-movements, pupil size, and self-reported negative emotional experience were measured while healthy young adult participants viewed negative IAPS images and regulated their emotional responses using either cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression. Consistent with prior work, reappraisers reported feeling significantly less negative than suppressers when regulating emotion as compared to a baseline condition. Across both groups, participants looked away from emotional areas during emotion regulation, an effect that was more pronounced for suppressers. Critically, irrespective of emotion regulation strategy, participants who looked toward emotional areas of a complex visual scene were more likely to experience emotion regulation success. Taken together, these results demonstrate that attentional deployment varies across emotion regulation strategies and that successful emotion regulation depends on the extent to which people look toward emotional content in complex visual scenes. 相似文献
999.
The Holistic Needs of African American Men (HAAM) Program provides information and resources that allow African American men to take full control of their lives and tell "their" story. The majority of the participants indicated they did not trust the current service or health care systems in the United States because they felt these systems robbed them of their "voice." HAAM provided the African American men with needed support and assisted them in repositioning their lives for success. 相似文献
1000.
Gaze cues lead to reflexive shifts of attention even when those gaze cues do not predict target location. Although this general effect has been repeatedly demonstrated, not all individuals orient to gaze in an identical manner. For example, the magnitude of gaze-cuing effects have been reduced or eliminated in populations such as those scoring high on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient and in males relative to females (since males exhibit more autism-like traits). In the present study, we examined whether gaze cue effects would be moderated by political temperament, given that those on the political right tend to be more supportive of individualism--and less likely to be influenced by others--than those on the left. We found standard gaze-cuing effects across all subjects but systematic differences in these effects by political temperament. Liberals exhibited a very large gaze-cuing effect, whereas conservatives showed no such effect at various stimulus onset asynchronies. 相似文献