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The transition to parenthood is a normative, age-based transitional phase in life. Contrary to the romantic idea of “happiness for three”, empirical research indicates sometimes massive impairments of the quality of the partnership from the time of pregnancy up to 1 year or longer after the birth of the first child. Different influencing factors interact together and can lead to an increase in the strain of each individual and change the previous relationship of a couple. Very few couples expect the birth of their first child to have negative consequences on their relationship. Some typical challenges that a loving couple face when becoming parents are illustrated in this article by a case vignette.     

Early tracking of informant accuracy and inaccuracy

Three‐ and four‐year‐old children (N=131) were tested for their sensitivity to the accuracy and inaccuracy of informants. Children were presented with one of three conditions. In the Accurate‐Inaccurate condition, one informant named objects accurately whereas the other named them inaccurately. In the Accurate‐Neutral condition, one informant named objects accurately whereas the other merely drew attention to them. Finally in the Inaccurate‐Neutral condition, one informant named objects inaccurately whereas the other merely drew attention to them. In subsequent test trials, 4‐year‐olds preferred to seek and accept information in a selective fashion across all three conditions, suggesting that they monitor informants for both accuracy and inaccuracy. By contrast, 3‐year‐olds were selective in the Accurate‐Inaccurate and Inaccurate‐Neutral conditions but not in the Accurate‐Neutral condition, suggesting that they monitor informants only for inaccuracy and take accuracy for granted.     

Young children's comprehension of English SVO word order revisited: Testing the same children in act-out and intermodal preferential looking tasks

Act-out and intermodal preferential looking (IPL) tasks were administered to 67 English children aged 2–0, 2–9 and 3–5 to assess their comprehension of canonical SVO transitive word order with both familiar and novel verbs. Children at 3–5 and at 2–9 showed evidence of comprehending word order in both verb conditions and both tasks, although children at 2–9 performed better with familiar than with novel verbs in the act-out task. Children at 2–0 showed no evidence of comprehending word order in either task with novel verbs; with familiar verbs they showed competence in the IPL task but not in the act-out task. The difference in performance for familiar and novel verbs from the same children at 2–0, on the IPL task, and at 2–9, on the act-out task, is consistent with the hypothesis that early linguistic/cognitive representations are graded in strength, with early representations still weak and very task dependent. However, these representations also become more abstract with development, as indicated by the familiarity effect even in the more sensitive IPL task.     

Attentional Performance in Children and Adolescents with Tic Disorder and Co-Occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: New Insights from a 2 × 2 Factorial Design Study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of both tic disorder (TD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on attentional functions. N = 96 children and adolescents participated in the study, including n = 21 subjects with TD, n = 23 subjects with ADHD, n = 25 subjects with TD+ADHD, and n = 27 controls. Attentional performance was tested based on four computerized attention tasks (sustained attention, divided attention, go/nogo and set shifting). The effect of TD as well as ADHD on attentional performance was tested using a 2 × 2 factorial approach. A diagnosis of TD had no negative impact on attentional functions but was associated with improved performance in the set shifting task. By contrast, regardless of a diagnosis of TD, subjects with ADHD were found to perform worse in the sustained attention, divided attention and go/nogo task. No interaction effect between the factors TD and ADHD was revealed for any of the attention measures. Our results add to findings from other areas of research, showing that in subjects with TD and ADHD, ADHD psychopathology is often the main source of impairment, whereas a diagnosis of TD has little or no impact on neuropsychological performance in most cases and even seems to be associated with adaptive mechanisms.     

The Assessment of Optimistic Self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese Versions of the General Self-efficacy Scale

L'auto-efficacité générale est mesurée grâce à une courte échelle composée de dix items. Son usage est très répandu et elle a été adaptée à plusieurs cultures. Cet article compare des versions qui ont été proposées à des étudiants: 430 Allemands, 952 Costariciens et 293 Chinois. lies validités internes sont respectivement de.84,.81 et.91. L'unidimensionnalité de l'échelle est réapparue dans tous les échantillons. L'équivalence items-modèle interlinguistique ne fut que modérément approuvé par des analyses factorielles de confirmation. On a trouvé des différences au niveau des moyennes des scores totaux entre les langues. De plus, une intéraction entre sexe et langue s'est manifestée. Des corrélations avec la dépression, l'anxiété' et l'optimisme ont fourni des éléments complémentaires en faveur de la validité de construction.
General self-efficacy is measured by a widely used parsimonious ten-item scale that was developed for use in several cultures. The present paper compares the verions that were examined in samples of 430 German, 959 Costa Rican, and 293 Chinese university students. The internal consistencies were.84,.81, and.91, respectively. The unidimensional nature of the scale was replicated in all samples. Multilingual item-pattern equivalence was only moderately supported by confirmatory factor analyses. Mean differences of sum scores between languages were found. Moreover, an interaction between gender and language emerged. Correlations with depression, anxiety, and optimism provided some further evidence for construct validity.     

Influence of social support on adaptation to surgery.

The authors investigated the influence of patients' social support on subjective and objective stress indicators before, during, and after surgery. The sample consisted of 42 male and 42 female patients. Social support as perceived by the patients was measured by a surgery-specific inventory with the Emotional Support and Informational Support subscales. Perioperative adaptation was assessed by self-reported anxiety, the amount of narcotics needed for anesthesia induction, and the length of the postoperative stay. Results demonstrated that patients who scored high on social support showed less anxiety, received lower doses of narcotics, and had a shorter hospital stay than did patients with low support. However, gender was a moderator of some of these associations. Compared with men, women exhibited more relationships that were in accordance with the hypotheses.     

Entwicklung eines Curriculums für psychosomatische Grundversorgung in Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe

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