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141.
Kent D. Harber Lee Jussim Kathleen A. Kennedy Robin Freyberg Lisa Baum 《Journal of applied social psychology》2008,38(6):1463-1505
This research introduces the Social Support Opinion Survey (SSOS), the first measure of social support from the provider's perspective. Studies 1–3 developed the SSOS and confirmed that support opinions can be reliably characterized as directive (attempting to govern how others cope) and nondirective (facilitating without governing how others cope). Studies 4–6 showed that social support opinions relate to more basic cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal styles. Directive opinions were related to cognitive rigidity (need for structure, need for certainty, and just‐world beliefs) and to an exchange orientation. Nondirective opinions, in contrast, were related to emotional differentiation, use of emotions as information, empathy, and a communal orientation. Thus, people may reveal who they are by how they help. 相似文献
142.
Social Support and the Perception of Geographical Slant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schnall S Harber KD Stefanucci JK Proffitt DR 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(5):1246-1255
The visual perception of geographical slant is influenced by physiological resources, such as physical fitness, age, and being physically refreshed. In two studies we tested whether a psychosocial resource, social support, can also affect the visual perception of slants. Participants accompanied by a friend estimated a hill to be less steep when compared to participants who were alone (Study 1). Similarly, participants who thought of a supportive friend during an imagery task saw a hill as less steep than participants who either thought of a neutral person or a disliked person (Study 2). In both studies, the effects of social relationships on visual perception appear to be mediated by relationship quality (i.e., relationship duration, interpersonal closeness, warmth). Artifacts such as mood, social desirability, and social facilitation did not account for these effects. This research demonstrates that an interpersonal phenomenon, social support, can influence visual perception. 相似文献
143.
Unconscious Emotion 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract— Conscious feelings have traditionally been viewed as a central and necessary ingredient of emotion. Here we argue that emotion also can be genuinely unconscious. We describe evidence that positive and negative reactions can be elicited subliminally and remain inaccessible to introspection. Despite the absence of subjective feelings in such cases, subliminally induced affective reactions still influence people's preference judgments and even the amount of beverage they consume. This evidence is consistent with evolutionary considerations suggesting that systems underlying basic affective reactions originated prior to systems for conscious awareness. The idea of unconscious emotion is also supported by evidence from affective neuroscience indicating that subcortical brain systems underlie basic "liking" reactions. More research is needed to clarify the relations and differences between conscious and unconscious emotion, and their underlying mechanisms. However, even under the current state of knowledge, it appears that processes underlying conscious feelings can become decoupled from processes underlying emotional reactions, resulting in genuinely unconscious emotion. 相似文献
144.
145.
The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism moderates craving after alcohol consumption. 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Kent E Hutchison John McGeary Andrew Smolen Angela Bryan Robert M Swift 《Health psychology》2002,21(2):139-146
Recent research has suggested that alterations in mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission are central to the development and expression of craving for alcohol. Because the D4 dopamine receptor gene, variable numbers of tandem repeats (DRD4 VNTR) polymorphism putatively expresses functional differences in dopamine receptors, the present study tested whether this polymorphism influences the effects of a priming dose of alcohol on craving. Participants consumed 3 alcoholic drinks or 3 control drinks and completed measures of craving after each drink. Participants who were homozygous or heterozygous for the 7 (or longer) repeat allele were classified as DRD4 L, whereas the other participants were classified as DRD4 S. Results suggested that DRD4 L participants demonstrated significantly higher craving after consumption of alcohol as compared with the control beverage. 相似文献
146.
Amori Yee Mikami Daniel J. Cox Margaret T. Davis H. Kent Wilson R. Lawrence Merkel Roger Burket 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(3):233-242
This study examined whether adolescent females with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are differentially responsive
than their male counterparts to extended-release stimulant medications. This investigation may bear special importance for
an adolescent (as opposed to child) population, because hormonal and metabolism differences between sexes are most likely
to emerge at this time. Male (n = 19) and female (n = 16) adolescents, ages 16–19 with ADHD, participated in a randomized, double-blind crossover study evaluating the effectiveness
of osmotic-release methylphenidate, extended release amphetamine salts, placebo, and routine limited medication regimen. Medication
efficacy was evaluated using ADHD symptom ratings from adolescent self-report and parent report, along with objective measures
of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity during driving performance and neuropsychological tasks. Males and females were
largely equivalent in impairment, and medication was similarly effective in reducing symptoms. No interactions were found
between sex and medication on any measure of effectiveness or side effects. This finding suggests that the efficacy and tolerability
of extended-release stimulant medications is equivalent for male and female adolescents with ADHD. 相似文献
147.
A real-world open-field search task was implemented with humans as an analogue of Blaisdell and Cook’s (Anim Cogn 8:7–16,
2005) pigeon foraging task and Sturz, Bodily, and Katz’s (Anim Cogn 9:207–217, 2006) human virtual foraging task to 1) determine whether humans were capable of integrating independently learned spatial maps
and 2) make explicit comparisons of mechanisms used by humans to navigate real and virtual environments. Participants searched
for a hidden goal located in one of 16 bins arranged in a 4 × 4 grid. In Phase 1, the goal was hidden between two landmarks
(blue T and red L). In Phase 2, the goal was hidden to the left and in front of a single landmark (blue T). Following training,
goal-absent trials were conducted in which the red L from Phase 1 was presented alone. Bin choices during goal-absent trials
assessed participants’ strategies: association (from Phase 1), generalization (from Phase 2), or integration (combination of Phase 1 and 2). Results were inconsistent with those obtained with pigeons but were consistent with those
obtained with humans in a virtual environment. Specifically, during testing, participants did not integrate independently
learned spatial maps but used a generalization strategy followed by a shift in search behavior away from the test landmark.
These results were confirmed by a control condition in which a novel landmark was presented during testing. Results are consistent
with the bulk of recent findings suggesting the use of alternative navigational strategies to cognitive mapping. Results also
add to a growing body of literature suggesting that virtual environment approaches to the study of spatial learning and memory
have external validity and that spatial mechanisms used by human participants in navigating virtual environments are similar
to those used in navigating real-world environments. 相似文献
148.
During prolonged observation of an ambiguous figure sudden perceptual reversals occur, while the stimulus itself stays unchanged. There is a vivid debate about whether bottom-up or top-down mechanisms underlie this phenomenon. In the present study, we investigated the interrelation of two experimental factors: volitional control and discontinuous stimulus presentation. Both factors strongly modulate the rate of perceptual reversals and each is attributed either as top-down or bottom-up. We found that participants can apply specific strategies to volitionally increase and/or decrease the stability duration of each of the possible percepts according to the experimental instructions. When attempts of volitional control are combined with discontinuous stimulus presentation the effects are fully additive. Our results indicate that perceptual reversals can originate from different neural mechanisms on different time scales. 相似文献
149.
150.
The Psychological Record - 相似文献