Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Examination of Attachment,Separation-Individuation,and College Student Adjustment

This article examined stability and change in late adolescent attachment relations and the interrelationship among attachment, separation-individuation, and college adjustment variables. Two studies are reported. In the first cross-sectional study, freshman and upperclassmen college students completed self-report measures of attachment, separation, and adjustment. In the second study, students completed measures of attachment in their freshman year and 2 years later as juniors. In junior year, students also completed several measures of separation and adjustment to college. The results of both studies suggested stability in attachment to parents, over time, for both men and women. Security of attachment proved to be inversely related to independence from parents in cross-sectional and prospective/longitudinal analyses. Security of attachment to parents was positively and pervasively associated with a variety of concurrent indexes of college student adjustment. Secure attachment assessed in freshman year also was positively associated with academic and emotional adjustment in junior year, although the longitudinal results were not as pervasive as the cross-sectional findings. The results supported the importance of current and past perceptions of attachment for understanding late adolescent development and adjustment.     

Compulsive checking and anxiety in a nonclinical sample: Differences in cognition,behavior, personality,and affect

This study addresses the question of why some highly anxious individuals exhibit excessive levels of compulsive checking behavior while other do not. To this end, nonclinical samples of compulsive checkers (n=19), (nonchecking) anxious controls (n=16), and (nonchecking) nonanxious controls (n=12) were compared on a variety of cognitive, behavioral, personality, and affective measures hypothesized to differentiate checkers from anxious controls. Results indicated that checkers exhibited higher levels of perfectionism and worry, and demonstrated greater cognitive impairment on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Furthermore, performance and subjective experiences of performance appeared to be mediated by perfectionism and worry. Findings suggest that both personality and cognitive variables are important correlates of the form of anxiety-related symptomatology.     

METHODOLOGICAL AND RELATED PROBLEMS IN CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH1

Problèmes méthodologiques des recherches interculturelles. — L'A. cherche à montrer dans quelles conditions le problème de la comparabilité des échantillons dans les études intercultuielles peut ou non trouver une solution. Il montre que les thèmes d'étude sont déterminés ethniquement, et souligne qu'il est sage pour un chercheur qui s'éloigne des frontières de son milieu naturel, de se livrer à une exploration préliminaire suffisante pour s'assurer que le thème qui L'intéresse a un sens dans ce qui est, pour lui, un cadre étranger. Le choix des instruments de recherche et leur nécessaire adaptation à deux ou plusieurs cultures, soulève des problèmes particulièrement tenaces qui peuvent être partiellement traités, via la notion de validation construite. Mais celle-ci, à son tour, élimine presque totalement la possibilité de strictes définitions opérationnelles, à moins qu'on ne puisse montrer que les opérations, quoique différentes, ont une signification équivalente. Nous pouvons continuer à faire effort pour interpréter les résultats interculturels dans des termes qui minimisent les appartenances, les déformations, les ancrages d'origine, dans lesquels nous sommes nés et dans lesquels la plupart d'entre nous ont grandi, cependant le manque presque constant de variables universelles dans les sciences sociales requiert que les jugements interprétatifs soient formulés, dans une certaine mesure, dans les termes de ces ancrages ethniques. L'A. pense, enfin, que la plupart des problèmes inhérents aux recherches interculturelles, se rencontrent également dans des études culturellement restreintes; ils sont quelquefois évidents, ils sont rarement totalement absents. Leur intrusion récurrente dans les comparaisons interculturelles requiert qu'on leur prête une particulière attention. Reconnaître qu'ils sont le prolongement de problèmes latents dans presque toutes les études psychosociologiques, peut attirer L'attention des chercheurs qui travaillent “à domicile”, sur leur importance.     

Reinterpreting the purpose of premarital counseling

Summary Premarital pastoral counseling is a broader activity than is often suspected, going beyond a set of interviews designed to prepare a couple for marriage. Its purpose is to extend the resources of the Gospel and the Church to a couple at a critical period in their lives. In the case of Bill and Gretchen, this meant reassessing their guilt over having had intercourse prior to marriage and setting it within the context of God's forgiveness. It meant helping Bill's mother to meet certain of her personal needs, and it meant helping Bill to understand his own interpersonal relationships more clearly. Later observation showed that, as a couple, Bill and Gretchen were able to sustain a meaningful relationship with each other and to meet the continuing stresses placed upon their marriage as they tried to help Bill's mother and father.The adoption of the purpose advocated here enables the pastor to avoid the contagion of emergency feelings, to set meaningful partial goals for his work with a couple in various stages of the premarital counseling relationship, and to set premarital counseling squarely within the context of his total pastoral ministry.     

THE GARNER-ATTNEAVE THEORY OF RATIO SCALING

The theory is shown to be logically and psychologically untenable, being based on a first order phenomenological-numerical (PN) relation which cannot exist. An alternative theory, not possessing this shortcoming because it involves a second order PN relation, explains both ratio and category scaling.     

Pattern uncertainty and the discrimination of visual patterns

Sixty Ss individually sorted eight decks of 50 cards each. A deck contained 25 cards each of two stimulus patterns. The patterns were drawn from different sets of five-dot patterns judged to be equivalent. The eight decks represented pairs of patterns drawn (a) from the same equivalence set, (b) from different equivalence sets of the same size, and (c) from different equivalence sets of different sizes. Sorting times were shown to increase with increasing size of equivalence set, and were shown to be greater for patterns drawn from within the same equivalence set than for patterns drawn from different equivalence sets. Ratings of pattern goodness were found to be useful predictors of sorting time only in their capacity to discriminate between equivalence sets of different sizes. The results were interpreted as supporting the importance of equivalence set membership in a discrimination task where the S logically does not have to consider stimuli other than the given criterion stimuli.     

Peers' Perceptions of Negro and White Occupational Preferences

The hypothesis that elementary school children would cast their peers in occupational roles in a class play that would be congruent with the peers' previously expressed vocational preferences was supported for boys (N = 106), but not for girls (N = 97). Boys expressing a preference for either professional or masculine, aggressively oriented occupations were nominated for similar occupational roles in a class play by a significant number of their male and female peers. However, girls who expressed a preference for nursing or teaching were not cast in these roles by a significant number of either their male or female peers. Negro boys expressing a preference for professional occupations were cast in these roles by their peers with significantly greater frequency than were white boys. There were no significant race differences in the other occupational categories of the class play.     

The effect of anxiety on food intake in the rat

Three levels of anxiety were induced experimentally in rats. With hunger drive held constant, the effects of anxiety on the intake of food which had either a positive or negative incentive value were observed and compared. The results for the intake of food with positive incentive value showed eating to be increased above control level by a low level of anxiety, and slightly decreased by medium and high levels. On the other hand, a direct relationship was observed between level of anxiety and suppression of the intake of food with a negative incentive value. These findings were shown to be inconsistent with previous explanations of similar effects in terms of an interaction between relevant and irrelevant drives. An alternative explanation in terms of incentive was offered.     

Decision responsibility, task responsibility, identifiability, and social loafing

Two laboratory experiments were conducted. Results of the first experiment revealed that identifiability had no impact on the degree of cognitive loafing when group members were asked to make a decision. Identifiability did have an impact when group members were asked to express an opinion. The second experiment replicated findings of the first experiment and, in addition, indicated that unidentifiable individuals with sole task responsibility loafed more than unidentifiable individuals who shared task responsibility. Cognitive effort was measured through recall of stimulus material.