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411.
We tested 4 people who claimed to have significantly better than ordinary face recognition ability. Exceptional ability was
confirmed in each case. On two very different tests of face recognition, all 4 experimental subjects performed beyond the
range of control subject performance. They also scored significantly better than average on a perceptual discrimination test
with faces. This effect was larger with upright than with inverted faces, and the 4 subjects showed a larger “inversion effect”
than did control subjects, who in turn showed a larger inversion effect than did developmental prosopagnosics. This result
indicates an association between face recognition ability and the magnitude of the inversion effect. Overall, these “super-recognizers”
are about as good at face recognition and perception as developmental prosopagnosics are bad. Our findings demonstrate the
existence of people with exceptionally good face recognition ability and show that the range of face recognition and face
perception ability is wider than has been previously acknowledged. 相似文献
412.
Ken Gemes 《Synthese》2007,154(2):293-306
Popper’s original definition of verisimilitude in terms of comparisons of truth content and falsity content has known counter-examples.
More complicated approaches have met with mixed success. This paper uses a new account of logical content to develop a definition
of verisimilitude that is close to Popper’s original account. It is claimed that Popper’s mistake was to couch his account
of truth and falsity content in terms of true and false consequences. Comparison to a similar approach by Schurz and Wiengartner
show certain advantages of this new approach. 相似文献
413.
We investigated practice effects on contrast thresholds for target patterns. Results showed that practice decreased contrast thresholds when targets were presented on maskers. Thresholds tended to decrease more at the higher end of the masker contrast range. At least partially, learning transferred to stimuli of the untrained phase. We simulated changes in threshold versus contrast functions using a contrast-processing model and then fit the model to pre- and posttraining data. The simulation results and model fit suggest that learning in pattern masking can be accounted for by changes in nonlinear transducer functions for divisive inhibitory signals. 相似文献
414.
Bayesian integration of spatial information 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Spatial judgments and actions are often based on multiple cues. The authors review a multitude of phenomena on the integration of spatial cues in diverse species to consider how nearly optimally animals combine the cues. Under the banner of Bayesian perception, cues are sometimes combined and weighted in a near optimal fashion. In other instances when cues are combined, how optimal the integration is might be unclear. Only 1 cue may be relied on, or cues may seem to compete with one another. The authors attempt to bring some order to the diversity by taking into account the subjective discrepancy in the dictates of multiple cues. When cues are too discrepant, it may be best to rely on 1 cue source. When cues are not too discrepant, it may be advantageous to combine cues. Such a dual principle provides an extended Bayesian framework for understanding the functional reasons for the integration of spatial cues. 相似文献
415.
416.
The aim of present study was to examine the relationship between young children's peer‐reported trustworthiness and their school adjustment. Two hundred and eleven (103 male and 108 female) children in the United Kingdom (mean age = 6 years 2 months) took part in this study. Measures of peer‐reported trustworthiness, child‐rated school adjustment, and teacher‐rated school adjustment were administered twice across a one‐year period. Also, children's number of friendships, peer acceptance, and self‐control were assessed at Time 2. Multisample path analyses were conducted separately by sex. For both samples there were direct longitudinal paths between peer‐reported trustworthiness and changes in teacher‐rated school adjustment. For boys, the longitudinal path between peer‐reported trustworthiness and changes in child‐rated loneliness was mediated by peer acceptance, and peer‐reported trustworthiness mediated the relationship between self‐control and teacher‐rated school adjustment. Sex differences in peer‐reported trustworthiness also emerged: girls were rated as more trustworthy by their peers than were boys. The findings support the hypothesis that young children's trustworthiness contributes to school adjustment, which is due in part to peer acceptance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
417.
418.
The existing literature addressing Religion and Spirituality supports the idea that attending church is positively associated with health outcomes. However, within this literature there has been an impoverished effort to determine whether the Religiously Unaffiliated will report these positive relationships. Using representative data from Ontario (N = 3620), the relationships between Religious/Spiritual variables (Attendance, Prayer/Meditation, and Religiosity) and health outcomes (Happiness, Self-Rated Health, and Satisfaction with Life) were assessed. Results focused on three recurring trends: the Religiously Unaffiliated experienced attending church less positively than Christians; when compared at the highest level of Attendance, the Religiously Unaffiliated were less healthy than Christians; and when only considering the Religiously Unaffiliated, Religious/Spiritual variables were not significant and positive predictors of health outcomes. The discussion focused on the need to delineate between how Christians and the Religiously Unaffiliated experience Religious/Spiritual variables, and the need to stop over-generalizing the positive relationship between Religious/Spiritual variables and health. 相似文献
419.
Ken’ichi Yokoyama Tatsuki Hashimoto Jun’ichi Sakai 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2017,97(11):459-468
The first dynamic interactions between hydrogen and the stress-induced reverse transformation have been investigated by performing an unloading test on a Ni–Ti superelastic alloy subjected to hydrogen charging under a constant applied strain in the elastic deformation region of the martensite phase. Upon unloading the specimen, charged with a small amount of hydrogen, no change in the behaviour of the stress-induced reverse transformation is observed in the stress-strain curve, although the behaviour of the stress-induced martensite transformation changes. With increasing amount of hydrogen charging, the critical stress for the reverse transformation markedly decreases. Eventually, for a larger amount of hydrogen charging, the reverse transformation does not occur, i.e. there is no recovery of the superelastic strain. The residual martensite phase on the side surface of the unloaded specimen is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Upon training before the unloading test, the properties of the reverse transformation slightly recover after ageing in air at room temperature. The present study indicates that to change the behaviour of the reverse transformation a larger amount of hydrogen than that for the martensite transformation is necessary. In addition, it is likely that a substantial amount of hydrogen in solid solution more strongly suppresses the reverse transformation than hydrogen trapped at defects, thereby stabilising the martensite phase. 相似文献
420.
The authors administered measures of loneliness, generalized trust beliefs in peers, and trust beliefs in specific familiar peers (i.e., opposite-gender peers, same-gender peers, close same-gender peers) to a sample of 63 children (33 girls, 30 boys) from 4th and 5th grades (M age = 10 years, 6 months). They assessed children's trusting behavior by engaging them in a Prisoner's Dilemma game (reciprocal trusting) and by evaluating teachers' ratings. The authors found that, across gender, loneliness was negatively correlated with each measure of trust beliefs and trusting behavior. As expected, the relationship between children's loneliness and trust, specifically trust beliefs in same-gender peers, was stronger for girls than for boys. In support of an additive risk model, the authors found low trust beliefs in same-gender peers and low reciprocal trusting behavior with peers each statistically contributed to loneliness in girls. 相似文献