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341.
Kiyoshi Yaguchi Ken Nagata Iwao Kanno Masaaki Ise Eriko Yokoyama & Paul Langman 《The Japanese psychological research》2000,42(1):45-53
In order to clarify the brain mechanisms involved in the recognition of faces, words, and figures, spatiotemporal analyses were carried out with event-related potentials (ERPs) and positron emission tomography (PET) in normal subjects. In the first experiment, we analyzed the ERPs of eight normal subjects under a passive habituation paradigm using pictures of faces and letters. In the second experiment, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured using PET was obtained simultaneously with the ERP recordings during a continuous performance task (CPT) in 12 normal subjects. This required the active discrimination of famous people's faces, meaningful words consisting of two Japanese hiragana characters, and simple geometric figures. There were similar deflections in the global field power (GFP) in the first 200 ms of the passive and active tasks, regardless of type of stimuli. This suggests a common time course in the visual information processing mechanisms during the preattentive stage. Mesiotemporal activity, dominant on the right, was seen during the face discrimination task in both the PET results and the ERP topographies. In the word task, activity that was clearly dominant on the left was observed at around a 160 ms latency in the posteriotemporal region of the ERP topography and this again coincided well with the PET data. The spatiotemporal resolution of the analyses was improved by combining PET and topographic ERP studies, and this provided additional neurophysiological information concerning cognitive processing. 相似文献
342.
Coherentism in epistemology has long suffered from lack of formal and quantitative explication of the notion of coherence.
One might hope that probabilistic accounts of coherence such as those proposed by Lewis, Shogenji, Olsson, Fitelson, and Bovens
and Hartmann will finally help solve this problem. This paper shows, however, that those accounts have a serious common problem:
the problem of belief individuation. The coherence degree that each of the accounts assigns to an information set (or the
verdict it gives as to whether the set is coherent tout court) depends on how beliefs (or propositions) that represent the set are individuated. Indeed, logically equivalent belief sets
that represent the same information set can be given drastically different degrees of coherence. This feature clashes with
our natural and reasonable expectation that the coherence degree of a belief set does not change unless the believer adds
essentially new information to the set or drops old information from it; or, to put it simply, that the believer cannot raise
or lower the degree of coherence by purely logical reasoning. None of the accounts in question can adequately deal with coherence
once logical inferences get into the picture. Toward the end of the paper, another notion of coherence that takes into account
not only the contents but also the origins (or sources) of the relevant beliefs is considered. It is argued that this notion
of coherence is of dubious significance, and that it does not help solve the problem of belief individuation. 相似文献
343.
Ken Levy 《Synthese》2007,158(1):139-151
Peter Baumann uses the Monty Hall game to demonstrate that probabilities cannot be meaningfully applied to individual games.
Baumann draws from this first conclusion a second: in a single game, it is not necessarily rational to switch from the door
that I have initially chosen to the door that Monty Hall did not open. After challenging Baumann’s particular arguments for
these conclusions, I argue that there is a deeper problem with his position: it rests on the false assumption that what justifies
the switching strategy is its leading me to win a greater percentage of the time. In fact, what justifies the switching strategy
is not any statistical result over the long run but rather the “causal structure” intrinsic to each individual game itself.
Finally, I argue that an argument by Hilary Putnam will not help to save Baumann’s second conclusion above.
See Moser and Mulder (1994, pp. 115–116, 118). 相似文献
344.
345.
Ken A. Paller Joel L. Voss Carmen E. Westerberg 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2009,4(2):185-199
ABSTRACT— There is a marked lack of consensus concerning the best way to learn how conscious experiences arise. In this article, we advocate for scientific approaches that attempt to bring together four types of phenomena and their corresponding theoretical accounts: behavioral acts, cognitive events, neural events, and subjective experience. We propose that the key challenge is to comprehensively specify the relationships among these four facets of the problem of understanding consciousness without excluding any facet. Although other perspectives on consciousness can also be informative, combining these four perspectives could lead to significant progress in explaining a conscious experience such as remembering. We summarize some relevant findings from cognitive neuroscience investigations of the conscious experience of memory retrieval and of memory behaviors that transpire in the absence of the awareness of remembering. These examples illustrate suitable scientific strategies for making progress in understanding consciousness by developing and testing theories that connect the behavioral expression of recall and recognition, the requisite cognitive transactions, the neural events that make remembering possible, and the awareness of remembering. 相似文献
346.
Charles E. Cunningham Tracy Vaillancourt Heather Rimas Ken Deal Lesley Cunningham Kathy Short Yvonne Chen 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):929-943
We used discrete choice conjoint analysis to model the bullying prevention program preferences of educators. Using themes
from computerized decision support lab focus groups (n = 45 educators), we composed 20 three-level bullying prevention program design attributes. Each of 1,176 educators completed
25 choice tasks presenting experimentally varied combinations of the study’s attribute levels. Latent class analysis yielded
three segments with different preferences. Decision Sensitive educators (31%) preferred that individual schools select bullying
prevention programs. In contrast, Support Sensitive educators (51%) preferred that local school boards chose bullying prevention
programs. This segment preferred more logistical and social support at every stage of the adoption, training, implementation,
and long term maintenance processes. Cost Sensitive educators (16%) showed a stronger preference for programs minimizing costs,
training, and implementation time demands. They felt prevention programs were less effective and that the time and space in
the curriculum for bullying prevention was less adequate. They were less likely to believe that bullying prevention was their
responsibility and more likely to agree that prevention was the responsibility of parents. All segments preferred programs
supported by the anecdotal reports of colleagues from other schools rather than those based on scientific evidence. To ensure
that the bullying prevention options available reflect the complex combination of attributes influencing real world adoption
decisions, program developers need to accommodate the differing views of the Decision, Support, and Cost Sensitive segments
while maximizing the support of parents and students. 相似文献
347.
348.
Analysis of threat is thought to involve a “quick and dirty” stage in conjunction with slower processing that is more complete.
We investigated both types of threat analysis by recording brain potentials in response to threat and neutral words. Personality
testing was used to identify participants who were either high or low in trait anxiety (TA). An observed enhancement of occipital
P1 potentials to threat words during an emotional Stroop task was interpreted as a signal of unconscious processing, since
it was early, independent of whether word exposure was subliminal or supraliminal, and more prominent the higher the level
of TA. Later positive potentials were also enhanced for threat versus neutral words, but the amplitude enhancement increased
with higher TA only in the subliminal condition. These results suggest that unconscious analysis of threat is intensified
in those prone to anxiety, as is a later stage of threat processing subject to dynamic interactions between automatic and
strategic influences. 相似文献
349.
350.