Judgment of blame in teenagers with Asperger's syndrome

The judgment of blame was studied in a group of 28 teenagers, 14 with Asperger syndrome (AS) and 14 typically developed. Teenagers in each group were matched by age, cognitive development and academic level. They were presented with 12 short vignettes in which they had to judge an action according to the intent of the actor (deliberate and accidental), the consequences of the action (presence and absence) and the seriousness of the situation (low, medium and high). Results showed a significant difference in the patterns of judgment of both groups. The AS group judged the action according to the physical consequence of the action more than the intent of the actor; the opposite was observed with the control group. In addition, the AS teenagers were less capable than the control group of grading injury to a person when apportioning blame especially when they were not familiar with the social situations. This result suggests that the judgement of the seriousness of the outcome of the social interaction is linked with its level of familiarity. Furthermore, result are congruent with the assumption that two different cognitive structures, deontic reasoning and perspective taking, are involved in the judgment of blame.     

A long-term strategic approach to tackling truancy and absenteeism from schools: The SSTG scheme

This article considers the implementation of a long-term strategic approach to combat truancy and other forms of non-attendance. The scheme considered is the Secondary School Three Group (SSTG) scheme which utilises a panel-based approach. Details of how to apply and set up the scheme including the use of the governors' attendance panel, attendance support panel and the progress review panel have been presented. The implications of the scheme are considered and fully discussed. Evidence suggests that the approach is very effective in helping schools to monitor pupils with attendance and learning support needs and in improving rates of attendance.     

Procedural fairness in ultimatum bargaining: Effects of interactional fairness and formal procedure on respondents’ reactions to unequal offers1

Abstract: Ninety‐nine Japanese students received one of three offers in an ultimatum bargaining scenario: unfavorable and unequal; equal; or favorable but unequal. These offers were determined by either the other participant or by a computerized lottery. We also manipulated the arbitrariness of the role assignment procedure. Participants perceived the intentional small offer as more unfair in the interactional sense than the unintentional small offer, while they perceived the same offers as unfair in the distributive sense, regardless of intentionality. The intentional small offer was more likely to be rejected than the unintentional small offer. Participants perceived the arbitrary procedure of the role assignment as highly unfair, whereas the difference of arbitrariness in role assignment procedures had no significant impact on their reactions to the offer. Acceptance of the offer was strongly determined by interactional fairness, as well as by distributive fairness, and these types of fairness were influenced by different situational characteristics, such as intentionality, the size of the offer, and the equality of the offer.     

A Deflationist Approach to Indeterminacy and Vagueness

Deflationists cannot make sense ofthe notion of referential indeterminacybecause they deny the existence of substantivereference. One way for them to make sense ofthe objective existence of linguisticindeterminacy is by embracing theworldly (or objectual) view ofindeterminacy, the view that indeterminacyexists not in reference relations but in the(non-linguistic) world itself. On this view,the entire world is divided into precisified worlds, just as it is dividedinto temporal slices and (arguably) alethicpossible worlds. Supervaluationism proves tobe neutral with respect to the debate betweenthe worldly view and the referential view ofindeterminacy.     

The Doomsday Argument and the Number of Possible Observers

If the human race comes to an end relatively shortly, then we have been born at a fairly typical time in the history of humanity; if trillions of people eventually exist, then we have been born in the first surprisingly tiny fraction of all people. According to the 'doomsday argument' of Carter, Leslie, Gott and Nielsen, this means that the chance of a disaster which would obliterate humanity is much larger than usually thought. But treating possible observers in the same way as those who actually exist avoids this conclusion: our existence is more likely in a race which is long-lived, and this cancels out the doomsday argument, so that the chance of a disaster is only what one would ordinarily estimate.     

Looking into the One‐way Mirror: A Pilot Study on the Impact of Reflecting Teams on Family Members

Reflecting Teams (RTs) are an internationally recognized clinical consultation methodology, first developed by Tom Andersen in 1985. Over the last three decades, family therapists around the world have used RTs to enhance treatment. However, this innovation to family therapy practice is not well‐standardized nor evaluated. The pilot study described in this article is an attempt to expand on the previous studies on RTs, and quantitatively examines RTs conducted with family therapy participants at a university medical center psychiatric institute. Preliminary analyses indicate that after participating in a single RT, family members may feel more hopeful, believe they can better support each other in times of stress, have more confidence in working together, and resolve conflicts. Additionally, the analyses suggest that family members may feel better understood and have more ideas about how to have a conversation with their family members, even though, after the RT, they may not view their family differently. These preliminary results suggest that further studies should explore the influence of RTs on family functioning.     

组织认同一定会促进亲组织非伦理行为吗？社会责任型人力资源管理的作用

基于社会认同理论,以社会责任型人力资源管理作为组织道德性的线索,探讨其对组织认同与亲组织非伦理行为之间关系的调节作用及其对亲组织非伦理行为的直接影响。采用多层线性建模技术进行数据分析,结果表明：当社会责任型人力资源管理水平低时,组织认同正向影响亲组织非伦理行为;当社会责任型人力资源管理水平高时,组织认同对亲组织非伦理行为没有显著影响;社会责任型人力资源管理对亲组织非伦理行为具有抑制作用。     

After-effects induced by interactions between hydrogen and the martensite transformation in Ni–Ti superelastic alloy

The effects of dynamic interactions between hydrogen and a stress-induced martensite transformation on the recovery of deteriorated tensile properties by ageing in air at room temperature have been investigated for a Ni–Ti superelastic alloy. A specimen is subjected to single stress-induced martensite and reverse transformations immediately after hydrogen charging. Upon tensile testing, brittle fracture occurs in the latter half of the elastic deformation region of the martensite phase after the stress-induced martensite transformation. Upon ageing before the tensile test, fracture occurs during the stress-induced martensite transformation. In addition, the nano- and micro-morphologies of the brittle outer part of the fracture surface of the specimen are changed by ageing. Thus, the tensile properties markedly deteriorate, rather than recover, by ageing. The present results clearly indicate that dynamic interactions between hydrogen and the stress-induced martensite transformation have serious after-effects on hydrogen embrittlement of Ni–Ti superelastic alloy.     

Walter Pitts and “A Logical Calculus”

Many years after the publication of “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity,” Warren McCulloch gave Walter Pitts credit for contributing his knowledge of modular mathematics to their joint project.

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