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971.
A Bleske-Rechek HD Harris K Denkinger RM Webb L Erickson LA Nelson 《Evolutionary psychology》2011,9(3):336-353
We investigated women's facial attractiveness and body shape as a function of menstrual cycle phase, with the expectation from previous research that both would be enhanced during the high fertile phase. To control for the effects of women's daily behaviors on their appearance and waistline, we visited 37 normally cycling women twice in their dorm, where we photographed and measured them at low and high fertile days of their cycle immediately upon their waking. Seventy-four judges from a separate institution chose, for each woman, the picture they thought was more attractive. We analyzed a subset of 20 women who, by forward counting, had a High Fertility visit between Days 10-13 and a Low Fertility visit between Days 20-23; and we also analyzed a subsample of 17 women who, by reverse counting, had a High Fertility visit on the days leading to ovulation and a Low Fertility visit one week after ovulation. In neither set of analyses were women's waist- to-hip ratios lower nearer ovulation, and in neither set were women's high fertile pictures chosen at an above-chance rate by either male or female judges. We did not find evidence that facial attractiveness and waist-to-hip ratio are reliable physical cues of ovulatory status. 相似文献
972.
Herold DS Nygaard LC Chicos KA Namy LL 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2011,108(2):229-241
This study examined whether children use prosodic correlates to word meaning when interpreting novel words. For example, do children infer that a word spoken in a deep, slow, loud voice refers to something larger than a word spoken in a high, fast, quiet voice? Participants were 4- and 5-year-olds who viewed picture pairs that varied along a single dimension (e.g., big vs. small flower) and heard a recorded voice asking them, for example, “Can you get the blicket one?” spoken with either meaningful or neutral prosody. The 4-year-olds failed to map prosodic cues to their corresponding meaning, whereas the 5-year-olds succeeded (Experiment 1). However, 4-year-olds successfully mapped prosodic cues to word meaning following a training phase that reinforced children’s attention to prosodic information (Experiment 2). These studies constitute the first empirical demonstration that young children are able to use prosody-to-meaning correlates as a cue to novel word interpretation. 相似文献
973.
Action is a fundamental component of object representations. However, little is known about how infants represent actions performed on objects. Across four experiments, we tested the hypothesis that at 10 months of age (N = 80) infants represent the general ability of actions to produce outcomes (sounds). Experiments 1A and 1B showed that infants encode actions and associate actions and object appearances in events in which actions produced no sound outcomes. Experiment 2 showed that infants associate the presence or absence of outcomes with actions. Experiment 3 showed, in contrast, that infants did not associate the presence or absence of outcomes with object appearances. Together, these studies suggest that infants encode the outcome potential of specific actions. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the development of action representations. 相似文献
974.
Individual difference measures have been shown to alter emotional arousal and emotional arousal alters force production during force control tasks. In the current study we examined whether individual differences in behavioral inhibition influence force control during emotional image viewing. Subjects who scored high and low in behavioral inhibition (BIS) produced force with visual feedback for 5 s. Feedback was then removed and replaced by a mutilation, attack, erotica, or neutral image for 6 s. The magnitude and direction of error in force production during image presentation was compared between groups and across image type. The high BIS group displayed a relative increase in force production during exposure to attack and mutilation images compared to the low BIS group. Bias scores (i.e., comparison of unpleasant image to neutral or pleasant image) further confirmed these findings by demonstrating a relative increase in force for the high BIS group during attack and mutilation images as compared to erotica images, whereas the low BIS group displayed the reverse effect. Together these findings extend the premise of action readiness to demonstrate that dispositional differences in behavioral inhibition interact with emotional state to alter force production. 相似文献
975.
Positive and negative reinforcement are effective for treating escape-maintained destructive behavior. The current study evaluated the separate and combined effects of these contingencies to increase task compliance. Results showed that a combination of positive and negative reinforcement was most effective for increasing compliance. 相似文献
976.
Deirdre M. Kelly 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):185-198
This paper argues for seeing in-depth news coverage of political, social, and economic issues as “public policy pedagogy.”
To develop my argument, I draw on Nancy Fraser’s democratic theory, which attends to social differences and does not assume
that unity is a starting point or an end goal of public dialogue. Alongside the formation of “subaltern counterpublics” (Fraser),
alternative media outlets sometimes develop. There, members of alternative publics debate their interests and strategize about
how to be heard in wider, mass-mediated public arenas. I address the normative implications of this non-unitary, multiple-publics
model for news journalism, analyzing how current conventions in mainstream news journalism (e.g., “balance” defined as “airing
two extremes”) can restrict public debate and impoverish the public policy pedagogy on offer. I illustrate my arguments with
a case study of media coverage of the creation and implementation of a social justice curriculum in British Columbia, Canada. 相似文献
977.
Older adults have the highest risk of death by suicide in the United States. Improving our understanding of the factors that lead to increased risk of suicide in older adults will greatly inform our ability to prevent suicide in this high-risk group. Two studies were conducted to test the effect of perceived burdensomeness, a component of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005), on suicide ideation in older adults. Further, gender was examined as a moderator of this association to determine if perceived burdensomeness exerted a greater influence on suicide ideation in males. The results of these studies suggest that perceived burdensomeness accounts for significant variance in suicide ideation, even after predictors such as depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and functional impairment are controlled. Gender did not moderate the association. The implications of these findings for treatment of older adults with suicide ideation and elevated suicide risk are discussed. 相似文献
978.
Kelly H. Werner Philippe R. Goldin Tali M. Ball Richard G. Heimberg James J. Gross 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):346-354
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is thought to involve emotional hyper-reactivity and emotion dysregulation. However, the precise
nature of the emotion dysregulation in SAD has not been well characterized. In the present study, the Emotion Regulation Interview
(ERI) was developed to quantify the frequency and self-efficacy of five emotion regulation strategies specified by Gross’s
(Review of General Psychology 2: 271–299, 1998) process model of emotion regulation. Forty-eight individuals with SAD and 33 healthy controls (HCs) were interviewed about
responses during (a) a laboratory speech task and (b) two recent social anxiety-evoking situations. Individuals with SAD reported
greater use of avoidance and expressive suppression than HCs, as well as lesser self-efficacy in implementing cognitive reappraisal
and expressive suppression. These regulation deficits were not accounted for by differences in emotional reactivity. These
findings highlight specific emotion regulation deficits in SAD, and support the idea that the Emotion Regulation Interview
may be usefully applied to other clinical disorders. 相似文献
979.
Monica O’Kelly 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2011,29(3):145-157
Wolfe and Naimark (Using rational-emotive therapy effectively. Plenum, New York, 265–301, 1991) claim that women, through sex-role stereotyping, may develop sex-role beliefs that are not helpful. However, there is a
dearth of research in this area with one of the major problems being the lack of an instrument to measure such sex-role beliefs.
To date the Bem Sex Role Inventory has been the main instrument used to measure gender schema. As it has been criticised extensively,
a new instrument to measure gender schema was proposed. The O’Kelly Women’s Belief Scales was therefore developed within a
rational-emotive behaviour therapy framework, reflecting the belief processes of demandingness, awfulising, low frustration
tolerance and negative self rating. Following the development of the scale, questionnaires were sent to 2,562 women working
at a large, multi-site, teaching hospital. Data from the 974 respondents resulted in the development of five subscales of
the O’Kelly Women’s Belief Scales: General Traditional Beliefs, Demands, Awfulising, Low Frustration Tolerance and Negative
Self Rating. Each of these subscales loaded on one factor and had high internal consistency. The scales were shown to have
test–retest reliability and concurrent, divergent and construct validity. 相似文献
980.
Men's genital arousal occurs in response to a limited number of sexual stimuli, whereas women's genital arousal occurs in response to a wide range of sexual stimuli, including those depicting nonpreferred cues. Researchers have hypothesized that women's nonspecific pattern of genital arousal prepares the body for sexual activity, thus functioning to protect the genital organs against injury. If this hypothesis is correct, women should show genital responses to any cues suggesting sexual activity, even unappealing cues that involve nonconsensual sex and extreme violence. Fifteen men and 15 women listened to fourteen 2-min audiotaped narratives that depicted an interaction between a man and a woman and that varied factorially according to the presence of consent, violence, and sexual activity. The results support the preparation hypothesis: Men showed the greatest genital arousal in response to narratives depicting consensual, nonviolent sex, whereas women showed similar responses to all the narratives involving sexual activities, including those describing a sexual assault. 相似文献