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161.
This study investigated whether children's fears could be un-learned using Rachman's indirect pathways for learning fear. We hypothesised that positive information and modelling a non-anxious response are effective methods of un-learning fears acquired through verbal information. One hundred and seven children aged 6-8 years received negative information about one animal and no information about another. Fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance were measured. Children were randomised to receive positive verbal information, modelling, or a control task. Fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance were measured again. Positive information and modelling led to lower fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance than the control condition. Positive information was more effective than modelling in reducing fear beliefs and both methods significantly reduced behavioural avoidance. The results support Rachman's indirect pathways as viable fear un-learning pathways and supports associative learning theories. 相似文献
162.
Eric Loken Kelly L. Rulison 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2010,63(3):509-525
We explore the justification and formulation of a four‐parameter item response theory model (4PM) and employ a Bayesian approach to recover successfully parameter estimates for items and respondents. For data generated using a 4PM item response model, overall fit is improved when using the 4PM rather than the 3PM or the 2PM. Furthermore, although estimated trait scores under the various models correlate almost perfectly, inferences at the high and low ends of the trait continuum are compromised, with poorer coverage of the confidence intervals when the wrong model is used. We also show in an empirical example that the 4PM can yield new insights into the properties of a widely used delinquency scale. We discuss the implications for building appropriate measurement models in education and psychology to model more accurately the underlying response process. 相似文献
163.
Taylor TG Galuska CM Banna K Yahyavi-Firouz-abadi N See RE 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2010,93(2):261-267
The effectiveness of a fixed‐ratio (FR) escalation procedure, developed by Pinkston and Branch (2004) and based on interresponse times (IRTs), was assessed during lever‐press acquisition. Forty‐nine experimentally naïve adult male Long Evans rats were deprived of food for 24 hr prior to an extended acquisition session. Before the start of the session, three food pellets were placed in the magazine. Otherwise, no magazine training, shaping, nor autoshaping procedure was employed. The first 20 presses each resulted in the delivery of a 45‐mg food pellet. Then, the FR increased (2, 4, 8, 11, 16, 20, 25, 30) when each IRT in the ratio was less than 2 s during three consecutive ratios. Sessions lasted 13 hr or until 500 pellets were earned. On average, rats reached a terminal ratio of 11 (mean) or 16 (median) during the first session. Seven rats reached the maximum value of FR 30 and only one rat did not acquire the response. In most rats, a break‐and‐run pattern of responding characteristic of FR schedules began to develop in this acquisition session. Subsequently, the ratio‐escalation procedure continued during daily 2‐hr sessions. In these sessions, the starting ratio requirement was set at the terminal ratio reached in the previous session. Using this procedure, over half (26) of the rats reached the FR 30 requirement by the fourth session. These data demonstrate that a ratio‐escalation procedure based on IRTs provides a time‐efficient way of establishing ratio responding. 相似文献
164.
Ockham’s razor is the principle that, all other things being equal, scientists ought to prefer simpler theories. In recent
years, philosophers have argued that simpler theories make better predictions, possess theoretical virtues like explanatory
power, and have other pragmatic virtues like computational tractability. However, such arguments fail to explain how and why
a preference for simplicity can help one find true theories in scientific inquiry, unless one already assumes that the truth is simple. One new solution to that problem is
the Ockham efficiency theorem (Kelly 2002, Minds Mach 14:485–505, 2004, Philos Sci 74:561–573, 2007a, b, Theor Comp Sci 383:270–289, c, d; Kelly and Glymour 2004), which states that scientists who heed Ockham’s razor retract their opinions less often and sooner than do their non-Ockham
competitors. The theorem neglects, however, to consider competitors following random (“mixed”) strategies and in many applications
random strategies are known to achieve better worst-case loss than deterministic strategies. In this paper, we describe two
ways to extend the result to a very general class of random, empirical strategies. The first extension concerns expected retractions,
retraction times, and errors and the second extension concerns retractions in chance, times of retractions in chance, and
chances of errors. 相似文献
165.
Diane M. Ste-Marie Amanda Rymal Kelly Vertes Rose Martini 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(3):292-307
The observation of oneself on video that has been edited to show a performance level higher than one can actually perform is a feedforward form of modeling, termed self-modeling (SM; Dowrick, 1999). In this research, gymnasts alternated between viewing and not viewing a SM video during their competitive season. Results showed that gymnasts attained significantly higher beam scores when they viewed the video versus when they did not. No differences in self-efficacy were observed using a quantitative measure; however, a qualitative analysis of interviews based on Zimmerman's (2000) model, indicated that a number of self-regulatory processes, including self-efficacy, were employed. 相似文献
166.
Carolyn R. Plateau Vaithehy Shanmugam Rachel L. Duckham Huw Goodwin Sophia Jowett Katherine S. F. Brooke-Wavell 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(3):287-301
This study assessed the 5-factor structure of the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET) and explored the relationship between compulsive exercise and eating psychopathology in athletes. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses of the CET were conducted with 689 competitive athletes (18–35 years of age). Convergent validity with the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) was explored. The 5-factor structure showed a poor fit; an alternative 3-factor structure is proposed. Exercising for weight control and exercising to avoid a negative mood were strongly associated with eating psychopathology. Implications for using the CET with athletes are discussed. 相似文献
167.
Kelly M. Kilcrease 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2013,50(1):2-13
The results from a survey of 238 human resources executives from organizations that offer outplacement counseling (OPC) internally and 168 that offer it externally suggest that internal OPC delivery is inferior to external OPC delivery. The author found that most internal OPC organizations did not offer the 13 traditional OPC services, even when they were viewed as important. However, both groups had deficiencies in measuring their OPC relative to gender, age, and effectiveness. Internal OPC organizations rated the quality of their OPC service as 4.77 on a scale of 10, whereas external OPC organizations rated their services as 7.96. 相似文献
168.
William E. Kelly 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(3):296-304
The author administered university students (N = 222; 152 women, 70 men) the Worry Domains Questionnaire (F. Tallis, G. C. L. Davey, & A. Bond, 1994) and a newly constructed scale (the Sleep Disturbance Ascribed to Worry Scale) to measure sleep disturbance attributed to worry. To revisit previous studies (i.e., E. Hartmann, F. Baekeland, & G. R. Zwilling, 1972; S. J. H. McCann & L. L. Stewin, 1988) that suggested that sleep length was positively related to worry, the author also asked the students a question about habitual sleep length. The results indicated that worry and sleep disturbance attributed to worry were negatively related to sleep length. A regression analysis revealed that worry was significantly negatively related to habitual sleep length irrespective of sleep disturbance ascribed to worry. 相似文献
169.
Saul Rosenzweig Lourene E. Bundas Kelly Lumry Helen W. Davidson 《The Journal of psychology》2013,147(1):9-40
The purpose of this study was to examine the universality of the “inverse square root law” insofar as it purports to show a constant relationship between emotional involvement and subjectively perceived geographical distance. It was argued that the square root exponent in the “law” was derived from experiments that used a limited range of stimuli (place names). With students as subjects, two experiments were conducted in order to discover the relationship between emotional involvement and subjective distance when both very close and very distant places were considered. It was shown that the inverse square root function was not constant but rather varied with the range of stimuli. 相似文献
170.
Kelly M. Wolenberg John D. Yoon Kenneth A. Rasinski Farr A. Curlin 《Journal of religion and health》2013,52(4):1051-1065
This study surveyed 1,156 practicing US physicians to examine the relationship between physicians’ religious characteristics and their approaches to artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH). Forty percent of physicians believed that unless a patient is imminently dying, the patient should always receive nutrition and fluids; 75 % believed that it is ethically permissible for doctors to withdraw ANH. The least religious physicians were less likely to oppose withholding or withdrawing ANH. Compared to non-evangelical Protestant physicians, Jews and Muslims were significantly more likely to oppose withholding ANH, and Muslims were significantly more likely to oppose withdrawing ANH. 相似文献