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941.
Kelly Bulkeley 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(4):905-916
This paper systematizes the word search potential of DreamBank.net (Domhoff and Schneider, 2008a, Domhoff and Schneider, 2008b) by formulating and testing a set of word strings that can be used as default analytic categories in future investigations. The word strings are applied to the 981 dream reports of college students gathered by Hall and Van de Castle (1966) and the 136 dream reports of an 80-year old male gathered by Bulkeley (2008a). The results show a basic compatibility with the frequencies identified by Hall and Van de Castle’s labor-intensive method of content analysis employing teams of human coders. These findings support the expanded use of word search technologies for the scientific study of dream content and its relation to forms of waking consciousness. 相似文献
942.
943.
Reliability and Validity of the Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire: Assessing Adults’ Cognitive Development 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Kelly B. Cartwright M. Paz Galupo Seth D. Tyree Jennifer Gavin Jennings 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(3):183-189
Three studies investigated the psychometric properties of the complex postformal thought (PFT) questionnaire (Sinnott, unpublished
scale, 1998; Sinnott and Johnson 1997), which is a measure of adult cognitive development. The scale was found to be moderately reliable (α = .63). To assess construct
validity, a comparison of participants’ performance on the PFT scale to their performance on the Need for Cognition scale
was conducted, which indicated the PFT scale is valid measure of complex thought. Factor analysis reduced the scale to three
factors, which correspond to important components of PFT: Multiple Elements, Subjective Choice, and Underlying Complexities.
Implications for understanding the nature of adult cognitive development and the usefulness of this new measure for research
in this area are discussed. 相似文献
944.
Jonathan W. Kelly Timothy P. McNamara Bobby Bodenheimer Thomas H. Carr John J. Rieser 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(1):176-181
Two experiments explored the role of environmental cues in maintaining spatial orientation (sense of selflocation and direction)
during locomotion. Of particular interest was the importance of geometric cues (provided by environmental surfaces) and featural
cues (nongeometric properties provided by striped walls) in maintaining spatial orientation. Participants performed a spatial
updating task within virtual environments containing geometric or featural cues that were ambiguous or unambiguous indicators
of self-location and direction. Cue type (geometric or featural) did not affect performance, but the number and ambiguity
of environmental cues did. Gender differences, interpreted as a proxy for individual differences in spatial ability and/or
experience, highlight the interaction between cue quantity and ambiguity. When environmental cues were ambiguous, men stayed
oriented with either one or two cues, whereas women stayed oriented only with two. When environmental cues were unambiguous,
women stayed oriented with one cue. 相似文献
945.
Many clients who undergo methadone maintenance (MM) treatment for heroin and other opiate dependence prefer abstinence from methadone. Attempts at methadone detoxification are often unsuccessful, however, due to distressing physical as well as psychological symptoms. Outcomes from an MM client who voluntarily participated in an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)–based methadone detoxification program are presented. The program consisted of a 1-month stabilization and 5-month gradual methadone dose reduction period, combined with weekly individual ACT sessions. Urine samples were collected twice weekly to assess for use of illicit drugs. The participant successfully completed the program and had favorable drug use outcomes during the course of treatment, and at the 1-month and 1-year follow-ups. Innovative behavior therapies, such as ACT, that focus on acceptance of the inevitable distress associated with opiate withdrawal may improve methadone detoxification outcomes. 相似文献
946.
Research investigated classroom environment antecedent variables and student affective outcomes in Australian high schools.
The Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI) was used to assess 10 classroom environment
dimensions: student cohesiveness, teacher support, involvement, investigation, task orientation, cooperation, equity, differentiation,
computer usage and young adult ethos. A sample of 4,146 high school students from Western Australia and Tasmania responded
to the TROFLEI and three student outcome measures: attitude to the subject, attitude to computer use and academic efficacy.
Confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL supported the 10 scale a priori structure of the instrument. Structural equation
modeling using LISREL was used to test a postulated model involving antecedent variables, classroom environment and outcomes.
The modeling indicated that: improving classroom environment has the potential to improve student outcomes, antecedents did
not have any significant direct effect on outcomes, and academic efficacy mediated the effect of several classroom environment
dimensions on attitude to subject and attitude to computer use.
相似文献
Jeffrey P. DormanEmail: |
947.
A real-world open-field search task was implemented with humans as an analogue of Blaisdell and Cook’s (Anim Cogn 8:7–16,
2005) pigeon foraging task and Sturz, Bodily, and Katz’s (Anim Cogn 9:207–217, 2006) human virtual foraging task to 1) determine whether humans were capable of integrating independently learned spatial maps
and 2) make explicit comparisons of mechanisms used by humans to navigate real and virtual environments. Participants searched
for a hidden goal located in one of 16 bins arranged in a 4 × 4 grid. In Phase 1, the goal was hidden between two landmarks
(blue T and red L). In Phase 2, the goal was hidden to the left and in front of a single landmark (blue T). Following training,
goal-absent trials were conducted in which the red L from Phase 1 was presented alone. Bin choices during goal-absent trials
assessed participants’ strategies: association (from Phase 1), generalization (from Phase 2), or integration (combination of Phase 1 and 2). Results were inconsistent with those obtained with pigeons but were consistent with those
obtained with humans in a virtual environment. Specifically, during testing, participants did not integrate independently
learned spatial maps but used a generalization strategy followed by a shift in search behavior away from the test landmark.
These results were confirmed by a control condition in which a novel landmark was presented during testing. Results are consistent
with the bulk of recent findings suggesting the use of alternative navigational strategies to cognitive mapping. Results also
add to a growing body of literature suggesting that virtual environment approaches to the study of spatial learning and memory
have external validity and that spatial mechanisms used by human participants in navigating virtual environments are similar
to those used in navigating real-world environments. 相似文献
948.
A difficult result to interpret in Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs) occurs when an ability estimate initially drops and then ascends continuously until the test ends, suggesting that the true ability may be higher than implied by the final estimate. We explain why this asymmetry occurs and show that early mistakes by high ability students can lead to considerable underestimation, even in tests with 45 items. The opposite response pattern, where low ability students start with lucky guesses, leads to much less bias. We show that using Barton and Lord's (1981) four-parameter model and a less informative prior can lower bias and RMSE for high ability students with a poor start, as the CAT algorithm ascends more quickly after initial underperformance. We also show that the 4PM slightly outperforms a CAT in which less discriminating items are initially used. The practical implications and relevance for psychological measurement more generally are discussed. 相似文献
949.
Rates of cosmetic surgery procedures have increased dramatically over the past several decades, but only recently have studies of cosmetic surgery attitudes among the general population begun to appear in the literature. The vast majority of those who undergo cosmetic surgery are women. We examined cosmetic surgery attitudes among 218 undergraduate women, most of whom were White. Specifically, we examined their acceptance of cosmetic surgery and expressed desire to undergo cosmetic surgery procedures, and several potential predictors: appearance attitudes of mothers, fathers, and friends; awareness and internalization of sociocultural appearance messages; and materialism. Multiple regression analyses indicated that materialism and internalization of sociocultural messages consistently emerged as significant predictors of acceptance of cosmetic surgery and desire for cosmetic surgery procedures. Paternal attitudes positively predicted acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons and desire for cosmetic surgery; nonmaterialism negatively predicted considering cosmetic surgery and the desire for cosmetic surgery procedures. 相似文献
950.
Literature suggests that many young women hold negative perceptions of their sexual bodies and facial features. This may be related to deficits in mindfulness, manifested by rigid and automatic thoughts, feelings, and behavior about one's sexual body. The present study examined the relationships between the five factors of mindfulness measured by the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and sexual body esteem, measured by the Sexual Attractiveness subscale of the Body Esteem Scale (BES) in 79 college women. A multiple regression was performed to examine the relationship between sexual body esteem and the factors of mindfulness. The Observing and Describing subscales were significantly and positively predictive of sexual body esteem while Non-reactivity to Inner Experience was significantly and negatively predictive of sexual body esteem. This relationship may have implications for future research and clinical practice. 相似文献