Multiple short‐term storage: A task to evaluate the coordination function of the central executive

The present paper explores one of the multiple aspects of working memory, specifically the coordinating function of the central executive with a complex double‐stimuli task. Performance on this task requires coordinating the short‐term maintenance of verbal as well as visuospatial information in preparation for recall. The task involves the single recall of words, the single recall of locations, or the recall of localized words. The study of the double‐stimuli task involves three classical interference tasks (articulatory suppression, Moar box tracking, and standing balance position) and comparing with simple span tasks (word recall and location recall). Word and location recall in this double‐stimuli task involves observing the classical interference effects: articulatory suppression impairs word recall performance without affecting location recall, whereas in visuospatial interference tasks the reverse is true. A second analysis showed that when performance on the double‐stimuli task (implying the simultaneous maintenance of verbal and visuospatial material at the same time) is compared with performances on short‐term memory tasks (classical word span or location span using the same material), a significant decrease in performance is observed. In a third analysis a score specific to the complex task was computed (corrected score). This score takes into account the recall capacity for both words and locations. This score, directly related to the capacities of coordination implied in the task, is sensitive to most attentional requirements of interference tasks. Contrary to what can be observed on location recall, the standing balance position did not significantly decrease performance. These results are consistent with an interpretation of the working memory according to which coordination of the subsystems is a function of the central executive.     

Problem Representation,Option Generation,and Poliheuristic Theory: An Experimental Analysis

Poliheuristic (PH) theory has received strong empirical support for its depiction of the option selection process: it explains how leaders evaluate, weigh, and ultimately choose among a set of policy options. But PH theory does not explain how this initial set of options is generated. Foreign policy problem representation (PR) research has shown that the way in which leaders mentally represent decision problems determines which options are generated for consideration. In this article, we develop a hybrid PR‐PH framework in which leaders’ problem representations drive an unconscious screening process that occurs prior to the conscious screening of PH stage 1. We test hypotheses drawn from this framework experimentally and find that key elements of PR (most notably, perceived threat) determine which options consciously occur to decision makers and which options are not generated during a simulated foreign policy crisis.     

Paraconsistency And Dialogue Logic Critical Examination And Further Explorations

The first part of this paper presents asympathetic and critical examination of the approachof Shahid Rahman and Walter Carnielli, as presented intheir paper The Dialogical Approach toParaconsistency. In the second part, possibleextensions are presented and evaluated: (a) top-downanalysis of a dialogue situation versus bottom-up, (b)the specific role of ambiguities and how to deal withthem, and (c) the problem of common knowledge andbackground knowledge in dialogues. In the third part,I claim that dialogue logic is the best-suitedinstrument to analyse paradoxes of the Sorites type.All these considerations lead to philosophicallyrelevant observations concerning principles of charityon the one hand, and compactness on the other.     

Patterns of personality pathology in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, and social phobia

The relationship between co-occurring personality disorders and anxiety disorders (panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder) was examined, taking into account the effect of major depression. This article describes findings for 622 participants in the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project, a longitudinal follow-up study of DSM-III-R-defined anxiety disorders. A total of 24% of participants had at least one personality disorder, with avoidant, obsessive compulsive, dependent, and borderline most common. Generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and major depression were positively associated with the occurrence of one or more personality disorders, whereas panic disorder with agoraphobia was not associated. Major depression was associated in particular with dependent, borderline, histrionic, and obsessive compulsive personality disorders and social phobia was associated with avoidant personality disorder. Whereas some of our findings confirm results from earlier studies, others are somewhat inconsistent with previous results and indicate the need for further investigation.     

The aftereffects of ventriloquism: generalization across sound-frequencies

Exposure to synchronous but spatially discordant auditory and visual inputs produces, beyond immediate cross-modal biases, adaptive recalibrations of the respective localization processes that manifest themselves in aftereffects. Such recalibrations probably play an important role in maintaining the coherence of spatial representations across the various spatial senses. The present study is part of a research program focused on the way recalibrations generalize to stimulus values different from those used for adaptation. Considering the case of sound frequency, we recently found that, in contradiction with an earlier report, auditory aftereffects generalize nearly entirely across two octaves. In this new experiment, participants were adapted to an 18 degrees auditory-visual discordance with either 400 or 6400 Hz tones, and their subsequent sound localization was tested across this whole four-octave frequency range. Substantial aftereffects, decreasing significantly with increasing difference between test and adapter frequency, were obtained at all combinations of adapter and test frequency. Implications of these results concerning the functional site at which visual recalibration of auditory localization might take place are discussed.     

Temporal references in dreams and autobiographical memory

In an attempt to determine whether temporal references identified in dreams follow the same temporal distributions as those documented for autobiographical memories, 28 younger women (18-35 years of age) and 30 older women (60-77 years of age) kept a home dream diary for 1 week and then slept 1 night in the laboratory for rapid eye movement sleep dream collection. The following morning, they identified temporal references in their dreams and produced a sample of autobiographical memories using the semantic cuing method. For both groups, there was a linear decrease in temporal references identified in dreams and autobiographical memories with increased remoteness for the last 30 years. As predicted, for the older group, there were similar cubic trends reflecting a disproportionately higher number of both temporal references identified in dreams and autobiographical memories from adolescence/early adulthood compared with adulthood and childhood. The results support the notion of continuity between waking and dreaming memory processes.     

Might We Practice What We'ved Preached? Thoughts on the Special Issue Papers

Commentary on the papers of the special issue identifies and discusses four themes: 1) strategies to bridge the gap between science and practice, 2) sources of community science questions of interest, 3) choice and quality of methods, and 4) epistemology and useful language for community science. The commentary identifies some limitations in the models proposed by the special issue authors, and proposes renewed attention to ecology, context and process in community change initiatives, calling for a common set of community level measures as one strategy to advance a community centered science agenda.     

Staying offbeat: Sensorimotor syncopation with structured and unstructured auditory sequences

Three experiments investigated whether adding metric (higher-order, periodic) structure to tone sequences stabilizes syncopated finger tapping. Participants tapped in antiphase with metronomic tone sequences in which accents—produced by sounding two tones simultaneously—occurred regularly every two, three, or four tones (metric), occurred unpredictably (irregular), occurred on every tone (heavy beat), or were absent (light beat). Tap timing variability, although commensurate with metric and light beat sequences, was lower with metric than with heavy beat and irregular sequences even when the instructions specified using metric grouping in all conditions. Higher-order periodic fluctuations (delays) in tap timing—found only in metric conditions—were associated with low overall tap timing variability, suggesting that a regularly applied, meter-based phase-resetting mechanism stabilizes syncopation.

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