Assessing gender-related differences in achievement orientation using two different achievement scales

The consistent finding that the achievement scales of the Adjective Check List (ACL) and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) are not correlated has led researchers to question the validity of both of these measures. This article presents evidence indicating that although these measures are independent, they can predict the same performance criteria. Of interest is that the EPPS predicts outcomes for men, whereas the ACL predicts performance for women. A topical examination of each measure's relationships to other scales provides a tentative rationale for these scales' orthogonality that does not call into question the validity of either measure.     

Exploration of head injury without medical attention.

In surveys of prison inmates and four other populations, 1,055 subjects reported having a history of 489 head injuries, with 31% of these "unattended" by a physician and 60% "undocumented" in that they were not hospitalized. The prison inmates did not have a history of more unattended injuries or undocumented injuries than the other groups of subjects as was predicted. However, the inmates reported more permanent effects from their unattended and undocumented injuries. Also, the inmates had more permanent effects and longer unconsciousness than did the other groups for their attended and documented head injuries.     

Heidegger and the source(s) of intelligibility

Wittgensteinian readings of Being and Time, and of the source of the intelligibility of Dasein's world, in terms of language and the average everyday public practices of das Man are partly right and partly wrong. They are right in correcting overly individualist and existentialist readings of Heidegger. But they are wrong in making Heidegger into a proponent of language or everydayness as the final word on intelligibility and the way the world is disclosed to us. The everydayness of das Man and language are partial sources of intelligibility but only insofar as they are comprehended within the greater unitary structure of care and temporality. Care and temporality constitute the foundational underpinnings for disclosure and the intelligibility ofthat wherein Dasein dwells.     

Retrieval processes in fifth graders and adults

This research was concerned with retrieval processes which underlie conceptual clustering. In a free recall task with categorized lists, fifth graders' and adults' retrieval was examined temporally by means of interword response times. List organization and retrieval cue factors were manipulated in order to assess the developmental relevance of an hypothesized three component retrieval model. The results indicated that both age groups used a qualitatively similar retrieval strategy, involving search for and decoding of higher-order memory units. Providing retrieval cues eliminated the category search component, but also increased the likelihood of exhaustive recall attempts under random presentation conditions. The results were discussed in terms of the inter-relationships between storage and retrieval strategies. Age-related differences in retrieval time were attributed to insufficient reorganization during input and failure to attempt to recall all of a category's members.     

Children's acquisition and reversal behavior in a probability learning situation as a function of programed instruction,internal-external control,and schedules of reinforcement

A three-choice, contingent task was used with 192 fifth and sixth graders in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design combining instruction (programed instruction on selected probability concepts vs no programed instruction), locus of control (internal vs external), and schedules of reinforcement (33, 66, and 100%). The dependent measures were the percentage of correct acquisition responses, of correct reversal responses, and of pattern responses, as well as posttests on probability concepts. The major findings of the study were associated with schedule of reinforcement. In acquisition and reversal, Ss under 100% reinforcement during acquisition tended to maximize the greatest, followed by the 66 and 33% conditions, in that order. The ordinal relationship among schedules was the exact reverse of the maximizing approach for the pattern responses. A partial reinforcement effect was obtained in reversal. Evidence indicated that programed instruction and locus of control affected maximizing behavior, patterning behavior, and resistance to extinction (though these variables did not interact with reinforcement schedule in the predicted direction). Finally the posttest data showed that instructed Ss did learn more relative to noninstructed Ss.     

Visual movement discrimination

Data are presented which support a mathematical model for visual movement perception. An observer’s ability to judge the relative position of two successively presented points of light in an otherwise dark room is shown to diminish as the inter-stimulus interval is increased. However, a measure of visual position memory appears to remain invariant a5 this interval is varied. Neither the degree of head stabilization nor whether viewing is monocular or binocular appreciably alters this measure.