青少年心理健康与心理素质培养的整合研究

青少年心理健康与心理素质培养的整合研究是重庆市人文社会科学重点研究基地西南大学心理健康教育研究中心十多年来确立的研究主题。围绕该主题我们不仅从理论到实证进行了较为系统的探讨,取得了一批有本土特色的研究成果,受到国内外学术界关注,而且重视把研究成果及时转化运用于教育实践,开发了系统测量工具,编写了系列教材,开展了青少年心理素质教育的实验探索,推动了学校心理健康教育积极有效的开展。文章主要从青少年心理健康与心理素质培养整合研究的理论依据、方法论思考、研究主题等方面,概括总结心理健康与心理素质培养整合研究的概况,以期进一步促进该领域的深化研究。     

自尊对情绪面孔注意偏向的影响

研究表明低自尊个体对负性信息表现出高度的警觉和关注,而高自尊个体相对来说注意积极地方面,但并未表现明显偏向。为了精确记录注意选择神经加工时间进程,进一步从电生理学角度对低自尊个体的负性注意偏向进行探讨,本研究运用事件相关电位（ERP）技术对不同自尊个体在点-探测任务过程中的注意偏向进行研究。实验一以129名在校大学生作为被试,以大学生面孔情绪图片（高兴、悲伤和中性）作为实验材料,结果发现,高低自尊个体之间没有出现注意偏向的差异。实验二以实验一筛选出的30名高低自尊个体作为被试,选择了更具负性情绪唤醒的愤怒图片作为实验材料（高兴、愤怒和中性）,行为数据结果发现,两组被试都没有出现注意偏向,相反,无论是在高兴面孔条件下还是在愤怒面孔条件下,低自尊个体的反应时都快于高自尊个体;电生理学数据结果发现,在低自尊个体中,在两种情绪面孔条件下,有效线索的P1峰值显著高于无效线索,而无效线索的N2pc峰值显著高于有效线索。电生理学数据表明,无论是负性的还是正性的情绪性的信息都能引起低自尊个体的更多注意,表明低自尊个体更容易受到情绪性信息的影响。     

音乐经验对言语加工能力的促进作用

以初中二年级的学生为考察对象,探讨了音乐经验对不同层次的言语加工能力的促进作用,发现：在声音信号的加工层面,音乐经验对音高和时长信息感知能力的发展都有积极的促进作用;在语音意识层面,音乐经验的促进作用只局限于声调意识;在言语记忆方面,音乐经验可以促进言语材料在长时记忆中的保持。     

大学生人际交往技巧的结构及其评估问卷编制

探讨大学生人际交往技巧的结构并在此基础上编制问卷。参考过往文献中提出的结构,通过结构性访谈,编制了大学生人际交往技巧评估问卷,并对其进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果：探索性因素分析显示,大学生人际交往技巧包含“语言技巧”,“沟通技巧”“共情能力”,“冲突处理技巧”,“主动交往程度”,“对人际关系的认识”6个维度;问卷的内部一致性系数为0.88,各维度的内部一致性系数为0.65-0.83;验证性因素分析显示,问卷各项拟合指数较为理想,说明问卷具有较好的结构效度。结论：该问卷结构明晰,信效度都达到了测     

听觉通道下负数的低水平加工引起注意的SNARC效应

采用刺激探测任务,探讨了听觉通道下负数的低水平加工能否引起注意的SNARC效应。结果表明:(1)负数的低水平加工能够产生注意的SNARC效应,即线索为绝对值小的负数时,被试对左耳目标反应更快;线索为绝对值大的负数时,被试对右耳目标反应更快。(2)负数的加工所引起听觉空间注意的转移并不依赖于负数所在的情境,而仅通过其绝对值大小与空间表征发生关联。这一结论与视觉条件下所得到的结论不一致,并支持了系统发生论假说。     

Revealing texture architecture in a surface gradient nanostructured Al-Cu-Mg alloy

ABSTRACT

A multiscale crystallographic texture architecture in a surface gradient nanostructured Al-Cu-Mg alloy after surface sliding friction treatment (SSFT) has been revealed by a combination of electron backscatter diffraction and precession electron diffraction (PED)-assisted transmission electron microscopy (TEM) orientation mapping. Accompanying a grain structure variation from lamellar coarse grains to equiaxed nanograins, the major texture components evolve from brass {110}<112> in the coarse-grain matrix, Goss {110}<001> at a depth of ～80?μm, E {111}<011> and F {111}<112> at a depth of ～20?μm, to a mixture of rotated cube {001}<110>, E and F in the topmost surface layer. The through-thickness textural development and evolution are attributed to the cyclic loading of concurrent shear and compression during the SSFT processing. The PED-assisted orientation mapping shows good capability in mapping severe plastic-deformation-induced nanostructures with large residual strains and high defect density.     

Unusual stress behaviour of CeO2-doped diamond-like carbon nanofilms

CeO₂-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with thicknesses of 180–200 nm were deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. When the CeO₂ concentration is in the range 5–8%, the residual compressive stress of the deposited films is reduced by 90%, e.g. from about 4.1 GPa to 0.5 GPa, whereas their adhesion strength increases. These effects are attributed to the dissolution of CeO₂ within the DLC amorphous matrix and a widening interface between the DLC film and the Si substrate, respectively.     

Enhancement of hardening and thermal resistance of Mg–Sn-based alloys by addition of Cu and Al

Mg–Sn-based alloys are considered as a promising precipitation-hardening system for applications at elevated temperatures, but the hardening effect is not satisfactory owing to sluggish nucleation and rapid coarsening of the major Mg₂Sn lath precipitates. In this study, Cu and Al are added to a Mg–6Sn–1Mn base alloy. The age-hardening response and the microstructures of these modified alloys have been investigated and are compared to that of the base alloy. The additional elements are found to bring several beneficial effects to the alloys for applications at elevated temperatures. Firstly, a eutectic structure consisting of strong intermetallic phases, i.e. Mg₂Cu in the Mg–6Sn–1Mn–2Cu alloy and Al_0.93Cu_1.07Mg in the Mg–6Sn–1Mn–2Cu–2Al alloy, remains stable along the grain boundaries after solution and ageing heat treatments. Secondly, the precipitate density has been increased significantly and the precipitate size has been refined remarkably during ageing at 200?°C. Moreover, the growth of the precipitates is inhibited remarkably during the over-ageing period. Therefore, the age-hardening response and over-ageing resistance are notably improved.     

Difference in microstructure of Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 glasses prepared in a 52 m drop tube and by water quenching

A 52 m drop tube has been used to solidify bulk-glass-forming Zr₄₁Ti₁₄Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5 alloy. Glassy balls with different sizes solidified from the droplets whose structural features, glass-transition behaviour and crystallization kinetics have been investigated. The results indicate that the apparent activation energies of the glass transition and main crystallization reaction are significantly different from those of samples prepared by water quenching. The structural difference between the two types of glassy specimen is revealed by compression studies and in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. The results are important for understanding the structural features of bulk-forming glasses.