人与情境交互作用理论述评

人与情境交互作用理论认为,人一情境系统是一个整合、复杂和动态的整体,个体是其中一个积极和有目的的部分。该理论对情境在个体功能和发展中的作用、人一情境系统发挥自身功能的原则,以及人和情境子系统的结构和过程作了详尽的分析。这些理论主张对当前心理学的理论、方法和研究策略具有深远的启示意义,但也存在难以操作化的缺点。     

程式知识与幼儿心理理论的发展关系

研究探查56位3－5岁幼儿的程式知识、接受性言语能力以及他们在假装认识、外表－事实区分、错误信念和表征变化等心理理论（Theory of mind,ToM)任务上的表现,着重探究程式知识、言语能力与幼儿对心理状态的认识之间的发展关系。结果表明：（1）排除年龄因素后,程式知识对幼儿关于错误信念的认识、假装－事实的区分和假装者信念的推测有显著影响,但对关于外表－事实区分的影响不显著;（2）排除年龄因素后,言语能力对幼儿在各种心理理论任务上的表现的影响不显著。     

植入前遗传学诊断中性别选择的伦理辩护

植入前遗传学诊断（PGD）是在胚胎植入子宫前进行遗传学检查的新技术。它可对植入胚胎进行性别选择,从而引发了会增加我国出生人口性别比的担忧。通过对PGD性别选择伦理风险的分析,指出其用于医学需要时不会对性别比造成危害。但在实施过程中需要医生、患者及社会全体人员共同参与,避免该技术用于非医学目的的需要。     

Aesthetic Interdisciplinarity in Donald Capps’ Weltanschauung

This article considers the aesthetic interdisciplinarity of the work and Weltanschauung of Donald Capps. It suggests three themes of Capps’ Weltanschauung: reframing, confusion, and empiricism. These themes converge in an image of calmness that epitomizes Capps’ aesthetic interdisciplinarity. Capps envisions a world that is heimlich (homelike), and his aesthetic therefore pursues “homemaking” in this world by virtue of enjoying a certain calmness in the process of pastoral counseling.     

薪酬预期与选择:基于三参照点理论的验证与探讨

两项实验研究对新近提出的风险决策的三参照点(TRP)理论进行了验证.实验就大学生对就业的薪酬制度的偏好和选择对三参照点理论的独特推断进行了检验.三参照点理论强调决策参照点对预期结果分布的界定作用.人们在决策时不仅会考虑现状(SQ)还会考虑最低要求(MR)和目标(G).MR,SQ和G三个参照点把结果空间分成了四个功能区域:成功、获益、损失和失败.根据三参照点理论,参照点的心理效应为MR＞>G＞SQ.当预期结果的平均值低于MR(或者G)的时候,人们会偏好风险高的选择以增加达到或者超过参照点的可能性;而当预期结果的平均值高于MR(或者G)的时候,人们会偏好风险低的选择以减少低于MR(或者(G)的可能性.实验1中,根据预先测定的大学生群体对第一份工资的最低要求,准确地预测了参与者在高稳定型、高弹性型和中间型三种工资类型的风险偏好和取舍.实验2进一步探讨了MR和G之间的权衡:实验发现当弹性型工资的浮动范围双向超出MR和G(而不是双向非临界)时,人们会优先考虑MR从而使超过G的可能性的吸引力相对降低;而不会为了追求达到G而忽略低于MR的风险.     

健全人格取向的大学生心理健康结构初探

在文献综述的基础上,建构了健全人格取向的大学生心理健康的理论模型,并对大学生进行开放式问卷调查,再参考同类量表,拟定了大学生心理健康量表的题项.经过对4452名大学生进行测试,结果表明:健全人格取向的大学生心理健康包含:幸福体验、人际和谐、积极乐学、情绪调控、目标追求和勇于挑战等6个维度,本研究所编制的大学生心理健康鼍表具有良好的信效度.     

Computation of mean size is based on perceived size

The present study investigated whether computation of mean object size was based on perceived or physical size. The Ebbinghaus illusion was used to make the perceived size of a circle different from its physical size. Four Ebbinghaus configurations were presented either simultaneously (Experiment 1) or sequentially (Experiment 2) to each visual field, and participants were instructed to attend only to the central circles of each configuration. Participants’ judgments of mean central circle size were influenced by the Ebbinghaus illusion. In addition, the Ebbinghaus illusion influenced the coding of individual size rather than the averaging. These results suggest that perceived rather than physical size was used in computing the mean size.     

Interocular suppression differentially affects achromatic and chromatic mechanisms

Results from a series of psychophysical experiments show that interocular suppression produced by continuous flash suppression (CFS) differentially affects visual features of a target viewed by the other eye. When CFS stimuli are defined by luminance contrast, target color can be reliably identified but percent-correct discrimination of target orientation is near chance. When the colored target is moving, color identification deteriorates with motion speed but direction of motion discrimination improves with target speed. Color’s immunity to suppression is also weakened when interocular suppression is induced by equiluminant CFS stimuli that presumably stimulate the chromatic pathway. These results are discussed in terms of functional segregation of achromatic and chromatic processing in the visual system.     

The effect of spatial attention on invisible stimuli

The influence of selective attention on visual processing is widespread. Recent studies have demonstrated that spatial attention can affect processing of invisible stimuli. However, it has been suggested that this effect is limited to low-level features, such as line orientations. The present experiments investigated whether spatial attention can influence both low-level (contrast threshold) and high-level (gender discrimination) adaptation, using the same method of attentional modulation for both types of stimuli. We found that spatial attention was able to increase the amount of adaptation to low- as well as to high-level invisible stimuli. These results suggest that attention can influence perceptual processes independent of visual awareness.     

老龄活体供肾移植的临床应用

为缓解供体器官的严重短缺,老龄活体供肾移植逐渐成为一种可以接受的对策.老龄活体供肾移植有其特殊性并且更易于引发伦理争论.本文简要介绍此问题的研究现状,并就若干社会伦理学问题展开讨论.