新生儿重症监护室中放弃治疗的伦理问题

对于新生儿重症监护室中的一部分危重新生儿,虽然可以借助高新尖的医疗技术挽留他们的性命,但却不能避免其出现影响远期生存质量的后遗症.因此患儿家属和医务人员陷入了是否对这些危重新生儿实施放弃治疗的两难困境.对NICU中放弃治疗的对象、伦理学依据、伦理学意义以及如何实施放弃治疗的问题加以讨论,为NICU医务人员提供有益参考.     

会话、心灵与实在——塞尔言语行为思想的三个维度

Speech act is an important issue of the philosophy of language. With the development from analytic philosophy to the philosophy of language,and then to the philosophy of mind,the contemporary philosopher Searle has been dedicating himself to perfecting speech act theory for decades. Firstly,based on the whole process of conversation,he enriched speech act theory within the framework of pragmatics,widening the scope of the philosophical study of meaning; secondly,by introducing the notion of intentionality,h...     

道教与健康人格

健康人格是被誉为现代心理学第三思潮的人本主义心理学研究的中心议题之一①,与不健康人格或者"病态人格"具有某种理论上的相对应.西方心理学对健康人格的理解大多是来自对不健康人格的分析和认识,而对于像变态人格、病态人格、精神病等一些概念的认识,几乎就是西方心理学对健康人格研究的最初路线,较为典型的有我们非常熟悉的精神分析学派,就是主要通过对变态人格的研究来揭示健康人格的本质特征.     

On the generality of the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis: Can a visual onset capture attention without top-down control settings for displaywide onset?

The contingent orienting hypothesis (Folk, Remington, & Johnston, 1992) states that attentional capture is contingent on top-down control settings induced by task demands. Past studies supporting this hypothesis have identified three kinds of top-down control settings: for target-specific features, for the strategy to search for a singleton, and for visual features in the target display as a whole. Previously, we have found stimulus-driven capture by onset that was not contingent on the first two kinds of settings (Yeh & Liao, 2008). The current study aims to test the third kind: the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis (Gibson & Kelsey, 1998). Specifically, we ask whether an onset stimulus can still capture attention in the spatial cueing paradigm when attentional control settings for the displaywide onset of the target are excluded by making all letters in the target display emerge from placeholders. Results show that a preceding uninformative onset cue still captured attention to its location in a stimulus-driven fashion, whereas a color cue captured attention only when it was contingent on the setting for displaywide color. These results raise doubts as to the generality of the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis and help delineate the boundary conditions on this hypothesis.     

Adjusting to death: the effects of mortality salience and self-esteem on psychological well-being, growth motivation, and maladaptive behavior

This research builds on terror management theory to examine the relationships among self-esteem, death cognition, and psychological adjustment. Self-esteem was measured (Studies 1-2, 4-8) or manipulated (Study 3), and thoughts of death were manipulated (Studies 1-3, 5-8) or measured (Study 4). Subsequently, satisfaction with life (Study 1), subjective vitality (Study 2), meaning in life (Studies 3-5), positive and negative affect (Studies 1, 4, 5), exploration (Study 6), state anxiety (Study 7), and social avoidance (Study 8) were assessed. Death-related cognition (a) decreased satisfaction with life, subjective vitality, meaning in life, and exploration; (b) increased negative affect and state anxiety; and (c) exacerbated social avoidance for individuals with low self-esteem but not for those with high self-esteem. These effects occurred only when death thoughts were outside of focal attention. Parallel effects were found in American (Studies 1-4, 6-8) and Chinese (Study 5) samples.     

The Influence of Unrestricted Information Exchange on Willingness to Share Information With Outsiders

This study addressed how engaging in different forms of information exchange within a group is related to group members' willingness to share risk information with outsiders. Drawing from social exchange theories, we focused on 3 unrestricted forms of information exchange: pure‐generalized, group‐generalized, and productive. We hypothesized that individuals' intentions to share information with outsiders would be associated positively with engagement in pure or group‐generalized exchanges and negatively with productive exchange. The hypotheses were supported with data from a national survey of U.S. growers (N = 452) that examined their information‐sharing behaviors with other parties inside and outside their local region. The findings have broad implications for understanding information sharing within and across groups.     

近十年特殊人群心理健康研究热点与趋势——基于WoS的可视化分析

运用CiteSpace软件,对2012年~2021年WoS核心合集数据库1 182篇特殊人群心理健康主题文献进行可视化分析,获取特殊人群心理健康研究的热点与趋势。结果发现：近十年特殊人群心理健康研究主题涵盖该类人群家庭相关因素研究、智力障碍以及孤独症谱系障碍相关研究、对特殊人群的整合干预与服务;其中,特殊人群心理健康问题“风险因素”是持续热点,对其心理服务需求及其满足方式研究热度上升,而对该类人群的流行病学、精神分裂症及精神发育迟滞研究热度有所下降,如何为特殊人群“实施”心理服务为该领域最新前沿。

     

基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练对青少年和成人执行功能的训练效应和迁移效应

本研究以基于即时反馈的StopSignal范式为训练任务,考察3周训练是否对青少年和成人的执行功能产生训练效应和迁移效应。发现青少年、成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了训练效应。两个实验组均产生了对反应抑制Go/No-go任务的迁移效应;但只有青少年实验组出现了对干扰抑制Stroop任务的迁移效应。成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了对2-back任务的迁移效应;但只有青少年实验组出现了在2-和3-back任务上的迁移效应。所有组别都未能出现对推理能力的迁移。研究证明从青春期到成年期,基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练能够对执行功能产生训练和迁移效应,但迁移仅限于抑制和工作记忆等基础成分,无法改善推理能力。     

发散思维的序列位置效应：创新想法动态产生机制的新视角

发散思维的序列位置效应是指随着时间的推移,单位时间内想法生成的数量逐渐降低,但想法的独创性逐渐升高的现象。联想理论和执行控制假说分别侧重对序列位置效应的个体差异和认知加工过程进行解释。神经影像学研究表明,在想法产生的整个阶段序列位置效应依赖于默认网络后部和突显网络的持续增强激活和协同合作;在想法产生的后期阶段,颞-顶区域alpha能量值以及执行控制网络与默认网络的协同模式增强。未来研究需要结合语义和神经动态分析等技术,对序列位置效应的特异性机制、动态加工机制以及影响因素进行深入探究,从而为解构创新思维的动态过程提供新的视角。