Sex differences in instructions to "be creative" on divergent and nondivergent test scores

Harrington (1975) found that both the magnitude and meaning of male subject scores on the Alternate Uses Test were altered by explicit instructions to “be creative,” and argued for the necessity of such instructions, plus qualitative scoring criteria, in the employment of tests of creativity. The present study elaborated upon this study by including female subjects, more than one test of divergent thinking and a test of nondivergent thinking. Instructions to be creative increased the proportion of creative responses output for both males and females, and sharpened correlations with Adjective Check List personality scales. Instructions did not alter performance on the nondivergent test. These results were interpreted to mean the instructions elicited strategies particularly relevant to divergent thinking and ruled out nonspecific effects such as those due to motivation. A reliable sex-difference in ideational fluency was also observed: instructions to be creative facilitated the total number of responses output for the male subjects. This supports a hypothesis that the instructions disambiguate I he test situation differently for men and women, suggesting the need to isolate individual conceptions of creativity in order to maximize test performance.     

Marital crisis and therapy in their social context

The objective in this paper is to analyze the macro-social trends regarding divorce in Israel and their implications for family therapy. Four macro-social aspects are discussed: legal aspects, demographic trends, single-parenthood, and remarriage. Family therapy strategy must take into account the particular problems of the different varieties of Israeli families, especially the needs of the children, who have no less a stake in the therapy's success than their parents.     

The concept of configuration of interpersonal relations in a group as a time-dependent stochastic process

To explain changes in the sociometric configuration of a group through time, a problem arises of the extent to which such changes may be viewed as the aggregation of part-processes occurring at the level of two-person choice structures. A possible model is a Markov chain in which three possible states are mutual choice, one-way choice, and indifference, one realization for each pair of choosing individuals in the group. Choice data for an eighth-grade classroom are fitted to this model and are used to answer questions of constancy of transition probabilities, order of the chain, and sex differences.     

SOME MOTIVATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENT1

Motivations et différences raciales dans la réussite intellectuelle. — Dans les récentes années, un certain nombre de théories de la motivation ont été proposées, qui ne sont pas sans rapport avec le problème des différences raciales dans la réussite intellectuelle aux USA. Le modèle théorique du “désir de réussite” d'Atkinson suggère que pour des noirs qui se trouvent dans des situations scolaires à prédominance blanche, la valeur du succès est forte et faible L'espoir du succès, parce que les normes blanches de réussite sont plus élevées que celles des noirs. La distinction que fait Crandall entre L'origine interne et L'origine externe de la valeur et les normes de réussite, ainsi que les travaux de Crandall et al., sur le rôle de L'approbation de la mère dans L'émergence précoce des conduites de réussite, ont des implications pour L'étude des différences selon la classe sociale et la race dans le développement des motivations intellectuelles. La faible performance des élèves noirs paraît liée à L'inadéquation des renforcements à la maison et à L'école. La privation précoce d'approbation semble entraîner la formation de schèmes, se perpétuant d'eux-mêmes, de surdépendance à L'égard du milieu social en ce qui concerne les récompenses liées à la réussite et L'établissement des normes de réussite. Un autre chercheur, Rotter, a étudié les différences apparaissant entre les groupes et entre les individus, dans la tendance à percevoir les récompenses comme contrôlées de façon interne ou externe. Les noirs, enfants et adultes, ont un sens moindre du contrôle interne. Les conceptions précédemment évoquées peuvent être unifiées et utilisées pour rendre compte de façon substantielle des données dont on dispose sur la réussite des élèves noirs dans des écoles qui pratiquent la ségrégation ou L'intégration raciale.     

Dog–human social relationship: representation of human face familiarity and emotions in the dog brain

Animal Cognition - This study investigated the behavioral and neural indices of detecting facial familiarity and facial emotions in human faces by dogs. Awake canine fMRI was used to evaluate...     

Efficacy of Treating Sexual Trauma in a Substance Abuse Residential Program for Women

This is a program evaluation of treating sexual trauma in a residential substance abuse treatment program for women. Residents who were seeking treatment for their substance abuse disorder (SUD), also had a history of both childhood and adult sexual trauma. Given the literature supporting concurrent trauma-SUD treatment, the Warrior Renew (WR) protocol (Katz, Warrior Renew: Healing from military sexual trauma, Springer, New York, 2014) was added to the curriculum of Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step groups, relapse prevention, and substance abuse education classes. The WR manual consists of coping skills to address sleep and anxiety, and cognitive/experiential restructuring to address anger/resentments due to injustice, betrayal, and self-blame. It also addresses interpersonal factors such as relationship patterns and healthy interpersonal skills. This evaluation was conducted as part of routine clinical care in a naturalistic setting. Nineteen residents graduated the program and opted to complete pre-and post-treatment assessments. Findings revealed significant decreases in symptoms of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic negative thinking, and PTSD, and significant increases in positive factors of optimism and self-esteem-- all with large effect sizes. In addition, 95% of the sample had a reliable change at the 95% confidence interval. Resident’s feedback to staff reflected strong positive endorsement of the WR program. Results suggest WR is a promising effective treatment for women who have had sexual trauma in a substance abuse residential treatment program.     

Women’s Sexual Compliance with Male Dating Partners: Associations with Investment in Ideal Womanhood and Romantic Well-Being

Sexual compliance involves willing acquiescence to unwanted sex for the good of the relationship. Northeastern U.S. undergraduate women in exclusive relationships (N?=?193) anonymously reported on their sexual behaviors and motives, investment in ideal womanhood, and romantic well-being. About 37% (n?=?72) reported sexual compliance. As expected, sexually compliant women reported greater investment in ideal womanhood than non-compliant women, although unexpectedly, they reported less overall satisfaction and similar commitment. Women’s compliance was motivated more by pursuing relationship enhancement than by avoiding conflict. Regardless, only avoidance motives were associated (negatively) with relationship satisfaction. Compliant women who reported more frequent compliance motivated by conflict avoidance reported particularly low satisfaction. These findings challenge conceptualizations of women’s sexual compliance as beneficial.