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排序方式: 共有142条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Katrina Schmerold Allison Bock Matthew Peterson Britney Leaf Katherine Vennergrund 《The Journal of psychology》2017,151(2):207-228
Patterning, or the ability to understand patterns, is a skill commonly taught to young children as part of school mathematics curricula. It seems likely that some aspects of executive function, such as cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory, may be expressed in the patterning abilities of children. The primary objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between patterning and executive functioning for first grade children. In addition, the relations between patterning, executive functioning, mathematics, and reading were examined. The results showed that patterning was significantly related to cognitive flexibility and working memory, but not to inhibition. Patterning, cognitive flexibility, and working memory were significantly related to mathematical skills. Only patterning and working memory were significantly related to reading. Regression analyses and structural equation modeling both showed that patterning had effects on both reading and mathematics measures, and that the effects of cognitive flexibility were entirely mediated by patterning. Working memory had independent effects on reading and mathematics, and also effects moderated by patterning. In sum, these findings suggest that cognitive flexibility and working memory are related to patterning and express their effects on reading and mathematics in whole or in part through patterning. 相似文献
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When laws or legal principles mention mental states such as intentions to form a contract, knowledge of risk, or purposely causing a death, what parts of the brain are they speaking about? We argue here that these principles are tacitly directed at our prefrontal executive processes. Our current best theories of consciousness portray it as a workspace in which executive processes operate, but what is important to the law is what is done with the workspace content rather than the content itself. This makes executive processes more important to the law than consciousness, since they are responsible for channelling conscious decision-making into intentions and actions, or inhibiting action. We provide a summary of the current state of our knowledge about executive processes, which consists primarily of information about which portions of the prefrontal lobes perform which executive processes. Then we describe several examples in which legal principles can be understood as tacitly singling out executive processes, including principles regarding defendants' intentions or plans to commit crimes and their awareness that certain facts are the case (for instance, that a gun is loaded), as well as excusatory principles which result in lesser responsibility for those who are juveniles, mentally ill, sleepwalking, hypnotized, or who suffer from psychopathy. 相似文献
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Miller GD Iverson KM Kemmelmeier M Maclane C Pistorello J Fruzzetti AE Crenshaw KY Erikson KM Katrichak BM Oser M Pruitt LD Watkins MM 《Professional psychology, research and practice》2010,41(3):228-235
Psychotherapists often experience stress while providing psychotherapy, in particular when working with difficult presentations such as suicidality. As part of a larger study on the treatment of recently suicidal college students with borderline traits, 6 therapists in training collected their own salivary samples for alpha-amylase (AA) and cortisol (C) analyses immediately before and after sessions with 2 selected clients. On average, samples were collected for the same therapist-patient dyad throughout the year-long study to ensure that data reflected therapist responses across stages of treatment. Therapists also completed a working alliance questionnaire and rated perceived session difficulty immediately after each selected session. Contrary to expectations, therapists demonstrated elevated levels of stress as measured by AA and C at presession relative to postsession levels. Greater session difficulty was related to more pronounced declines in AA, whereas a stronger working alliance was linked to more pronounced reductions in C. Results suggest that physiological stress responses while working with recently suicidal clients with borderline traits occur primarily in terms of session anticipatory anxiety, whereas AA and C changes may be affected differently by factors such as session difficulty and working alliance. This is a pilot study, limited by its sample size, but the design, findings, and inclusion of physiological measures present an initial step in an essential line of research. 相似文献
24.
Ryan T. Howell Katrina S. Rodzon Mark Kurai Amy H. Sanchez 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(3):775-784
Internet research is appealing because it is a cost- and time-efficient way to access a large number of participants; however,
the validity of Internet research for important subjective well-being (SWB) surveys has not been adequately assessed. The
goal of the present study was to validate the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985),
the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark, 1994), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubomirsky
& Lepper, 1999) for use on the Internet. This study compared the quality of data collected using paper-based (paper-and-pencil
version in a lab setting), computer-based (Web-based version in a lab setting), and Internet (Web-based version on a computer
of the participant’s choosing) surveys for these three measures of SWB. The paper-based and computer-based experiment recruited
two college student samples; the Internet experiments recruited a college student sample and an adult sample responding to
ads on different social-networking Web sites. This study provides support for the reliability, validity, and generalizability
of the Internet format of the SWLS, PANAS-X, and SHS. Across the three experiments, the results indicate that the computer-based
and Internet surveys had means, standard deviations, reliabilities, and factor structures that were similar to those of the
paper-based versions. The discussion examines the difficulty of higher attrition for the Internet version, the need to examine
reverse-coded items in the future, and the possibility that unhappy individuals are more likely to participate in Internet
surveys of SWB. 相似文献
25.
Wann Daniel L. Koch Katrina Knoth Tasha Fox David Aljubaily Hesham Lantz Christopher D. 《The Psychological record》2006,56(1):55-66
The Psychological Record - The current investigation examined sport fans’ impressions of an athlete described as a potential member of their team or a potential member of a rival team. In... 相似文献
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Throughout adolescence, children begin to develop their life story: a coherent account of their experiences and selfhood. Although the nature of this development is still being uncovered, one promising direction for research is the examination of factors that could encourage life story development. Here the authors explore the idea that exposure to the literary arts (i.e., poetry and fictional literature) might promote the formation of a coherent autobiographical narrative. Taking a critical look at both theoretical proposals along with the current empirical research, they provide a brief survey of this intriguing hypothesis. 相似文献
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