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141.
Maren E. Bodden Dorothee Kübler Susanne Knake Katja Menzler Johannes T. Heverhagen Jens Sommer Elke Kalbe S?ren Krach Richard Dodel 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(1):32-43
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to infer other people’s mental states like
intentions or desires. ToM can be differentiated into affective (i.e.,
recognizing the feelings of another person) and cognitive (i.e., inferring the
mental state of the counterpart) subcomponents. Recently, subcortical structures
such as the basal ganglia (BG) have also been ascribed to the multifaceted
concept ToM and most BG disorders have been reported to elicit ToM deficits. In
order to assess both the correlates of affective and cognitive ToM as well as
involvement of the basal ganglia, 30 healthy participants underwent
event-related fMRI scanning, neuropsychological testing, and filled in
questionnaires concerning different aspects of ToM and empathy. Directly
contrasting affective (aff) as well as cognitive (cog) ToM to the control (phy)
condition, activation was found in classical ToM regions, namely parts of the
temporal lobe including the superior temporal sulcus, the supplementary motor
area, and parietal structures in the right hemisphere. The contrast aff > phy
yielded additional activation in the orbitofrontal cortex on the right and the
cingulate cortex, the precentral and inferior frontal gyrus and the cerebellum
on the left. The right BG were recruited in this contrast as well. The direct
contrast aff > cog showed activation in the temporoparietal junction and the
cingulate cortex on the right as well as in the left supplementary motor area.
The reverse contrast cog > aff however did not yield any significant clusters.
In summary, affective and cognitive ToM partly share neural correlates but can
also be differentiated anatomically. Furthermore, the BG are involved in
affective ToM and thus their contribution is discussed as possibly providing a
motor component of simulation processes, particularly in affective ToM. 相似文献
142.
This paper is concerned with the role of working memory resources in mental multiplication. In two experiments a dual-task paradigm was used. In the first experiment neutral tapping was contrasted to three modalityspecific secondary tasks: Irrelevant speech and articulatory suppression were used to disrupt the phonological loop and a visuo-spatial tapping was used to disrupt the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Multiplication sums needed to be solved mentally and results needed to be spoken aloud. Sums varied in difficulty (easy, e.g., 3 x 4 =, difficult, e.g., 8 x 17 =). Results from the first experiment revealed declines in performance on difficult sums under articulatory suppression but no interference effect for easy sums. To investigate the role of central executive processes, a second experiment extended the range of interference conditions to a central executive interference task (random letter generation). Now articulatory suppression and random generation caused a decrease of performance on difficult sums. In addition, performance on easy sums was negatively impacted by random letter generation as well. We infer that solving complex multiplication sums demands phonological loop and central executive processes, whereas retrieving numerical facts in solving simple multiplication sums requires only central executive processes. We found no evidence of modality-specific access to numerical facts stored in long-term memory. 相似文献
143.
We report a meta‐analysis on the country‐level correlates of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI), to address (1) whether there are differences in forgiveness between societies, (2) what society‐level context variables can account for these differences, and (3) whether conceptual relationships of forgiveness found at the individual level can be replicated at the societal level. We found sizeable differences between societies that are associated with democracy, peacefulness, socioeconomic development, and postmaterialism indices of a society. Replicating individual‐level results, subjective wellbeing was positively related to forgiveness. We discuss the importance of macro‐level contextual variables for understanding levels of forgiveness. 相似文献
144.
When begging for food, all great ape species are sensitive to a human’s attention. However, studies investigating which cues
are relevant for chimpanzees to assess the attentional state of others have produced highly inconsistent results. Some have
suggested chimpanzees differentiate attention based on the status of the face or even the eyes, while others have indicated
that body posture alone is the relevant cue. Kaminski et al. (Anim Cogn 7:216–223, 2004) compared the behaviour of chimpanzees, bonobos and orangutans while begging for food from a human experimenter who systematically
varied his face and body orientation. Their results indicated that both factors, face and body orientation, affect apes’ begging
behaviour. The authors claimed that while body orientation provides information about the experimenter’s general disposition
to offer food, the visibility of the face provides information about the human’s attentional state. In the current study,
we tested this hypothesis with all four great apes species. However, unlike Kaminski et al. (Anim Cogn 7:216–223, 2004), the experimenter was able to hand over food regardless of body orientation. The results show that as soon as the offering
of the food was no longer restricted, the orientation of the face became the key factor. Therefore, we present the first evidence
that all great ape species are able to assess the attentional state of a recipient based on the orientation of the face. 相似文献
145.
Mehlhorn K Taatgen NA Lebiere C Krems JF 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(6):1391-1411
In the field of diagnostic reasoning, it has been argued that memory activation can provide the reasoner with a subset of possible explanations from memory that are highly adaptive for the task at hand. However, few studies have experimentally tested this assumption. Even less empirical and theoretical work has investigated how newly incoming observations affect the availability of explanations in memory over time. In this article we present the results of 2 experiments in which we address these questions. While participants diagnosed sequentially presented medical symptoms, the availability of potential explanations in memory was measured with an implicit probe reaction time task. The results of the experiments were used to test 4 quantitative cognitive models. The models share the general assumption that observations can activate and inhibit explanations in memory. They vary with respect to how newly incoming observations affect the availability of explanations over time. The data of both experiments were predicted best by a model in which all observations in working memory have the same potential to activate explanations from long-term memory and in which these observations do not decay. The results illustrate the power of memory activation processes and show where additional deliberate reasoning strategies might come into play. 相似文献
146.
We investigate macrocontextual antecedents of national levels of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). The majority of previous research, in contrast, has tended to focus on individual‐level correlates of SDO. We extend research on Social Dominance Theory by modelling national‐level differences in institutional discrimination, macroeconomic development, and value ideologies as broad situational factors affecting SDO mean levels in previous studies. Our hypotheses were tested in a three‐level meta‐analysis of aggregate data from 50,971 individuals in 95 samples from 27 different societies. Strong effects for hierarchy‐attenuating legitimizing ideologies and gender empowerment were found. Aggregate discrimination against arbitrary‐set groups was less consistently linked to SDO, suggesting that these hierarchies are context‐specific. Using mixed‐effects three‐level modelling, the patterns can be generalized to new contexts and suggest a particular institutional and social climate that fosters high SDO. 相似文献
147.
Richter SH Schick A Hoyer C Lankisch K Gass P Vollmayr B 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(3):527-542
Investigations of cognitive biases in animals are conceptually and translationally valuable because they contribute to animal welfare research and help to extend and refine our understanding of human emotional disorders, where biased information processing is a critical causal and maintenance factor. We employed the "learned helplessness" genetic rat model of depression in studying cognitive bias and its modification by environmental manipulations. Using a spatial judgment task, responses to ambiguous spatial cues were assessed before and after environmental enrichment to test whether this manipulation would cause an optimistic shift in emotional state. Twenty-four congenitally helpless and nonhelpless male rats were trained to discriminate two different locations, "rewarded" versus "aversive." After successful acquisition of this spatial discrimination, cognitive bias was probed by measuring responses to three ambiguous locations. Latencies to "reach" and to actively "choose" a goal pot were recorded alongside exploratory behaviors. An overall strain difference was observed, with helpless rats displaying longer "reach" latencies than nonhelpless rats. This implies a "pessimistic" response bias in helpless rats, underscoring their depressive-like phenotype. No strain differences were observed regarding other behavioral measures. Half of the animals were then transferred to enriched cages and retested. Environmental enrichment resulted in reduced "choose" latencies in both rat strains, associating enrichment with more optimistic interpretations of ambiguous cues. Our results emphasize the suitability of cognitive bias measurement for animal emotion assessment. They extend the methodological repertoire for characterizing complex phenotypes and bear implications for animal welfare research and for the use of animal models in preclinical research. 相似文献
148.
We investigated four gibbon species of two different genera (Hylobates pileatus, H. moloch, H. lar, Symphalangus syndactylus) in terms of their looking behavior in response to a human who either looked up or looked at the gibbon. Comparing those two conditions, gibbons as a group looked up more when the human was looking up, but they also performed more looks in other directions and thus generally looked more in this condition. Unlike great apes, gibbons did not respond differently between conditions when only the first look on every trial was considered. Furthermore, they did not perform double looks up to check where the human was looking and also did not habituate to the human’s looks up. This suggests that gibbons co-orient with human gaze, but unlike great apes, they do not take the visual perspective of others. 相似文献
149.
Carla Crespo Mariana Moura-Ramos Susana Santos Ágata Salvador Katja Hanke Susana Almeida 《Journal of child and family studies》2016,25(5):1466-1479
Treatment for pediatric cancer requires periodic and long hospital admissions. The intensity and frequency of the interactions taking place in the treatment setting indicate that this is a context to which children and their families can feel connected. This study’s main goal was to develop the Connectedness to Treatment Setting Scale (CTSS-Pediatric Cancer), a 10-item scale assessing children’s and parents’ connectedness to the health setting where children receive cancer treatment. Participants were 128 dyads of children receiving treatment at two Portuguese public hospitals and their parents. Two exploratory factor analyses with children’s and parents’ data separately and a dyadic confirmatory factor analysis with the whole sample supported a second-order factorial structure of the CTSS-Pediatric Cancer, where three dimensions (Sense of Belonging, Comfort and Emotional Care) loaded onto a total score of connectedness. Findings suggest that the CTSS-Pediatric Cancer is a valid and useful assessment measure. 相似文献
150.
Valli K Revonsuo A Pälkäs O Ismail KH Ali KJ Punamäki RL 《Consciousness and cognition》2005,14(1):188-218
The threat simulation theory of dreaming (TST) () states that dream consciousness is essentially an ancient biological defence mechanism, evolutionarily selected for its capacity to repeatedly simulate threatening events. Threat simulation during dreaming rehearses the cognitive mechanisms required for efficient threat perception and threat avoidance, leading to increased probability of reproductive success during human evolution. One hypothesis drawn from TST is that real threatening events encountered by the individual during wakefulness should lead to an increased activation of the system, a threat simulation response, and therefore, to an increased frequency and severity of threatening events in dreams. Consequently, children who live in an environment in which their physical and psychological well-being is constantly threatened should have a highly activated dream production and threat simulation system, whereas children living in a safe environment that is relatively free of such threat cues should have a weakly activated system. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the content of dream reports from severely traumatized and less traumatized Kurdish children and ordinary, non-traumatized Finnish children. Our results give support for most of the predictions drawn from TST. The severely traumatized children reported a significantly greater number of dreams and their dreams included a higher number of threatening dream events. The dream threats of traumatized children were also more severe in nature than the threats of less traumatized or non-traumatized children. 相似文献