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41.
Developmental effects of economic and educational change: Cognitive representation in three generations across 43 years in a Maya community 下载免费PDF全文
Ashley E. Maynard Patricia M. Greenfield Carla P. Childs 《International journal of psychology》2015,50(1):12-19
We studied the implications of social change for cognitive development in a Maya community in Chiapas, Mexico, over 43 years. The same procedures were used to collect data in 1969–1970, 1991, and 2012—once in each generation. The goal was to understand the implications of weaving, schooling and participation in a commercial economy for the development of visual pattern representation. In 2012, our participants consisted of 133 boys and girls descended from participants in the prior two generations. Procedures consisted of placing colored sticks in a wooden frame to make striped patterns, some familiar (Zinacantec woven patterns) and some novel (created by the investigators). Following Greenfield (2009), we hypothesised that the development of commerce and the expansion of formal schooling would influence children's representations. Her theory postulates that these factors move human development towards cognitive abstraction and skill in dealing with novelty. Furthermore, the theory posits that whatever sociodemographic variable is changing most rapidly functions as the primary motor for developmental change. From 1969 to 1991, the rapid development of a commercial economy drove visual representation in the hypothesised directions. From 1991 to 2012, the rapid expansion of schooling drove visual representation in the hypothesised directions. 相似文献
42.
Schmidt TA Delorio NM McClure KB 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2006,6(3):30-2; discussion W46-8
43.
Verfaellie M Martin E Page K Parks E Keane MM 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(2):91-101
In two experiments, we evaluated the status of implicit memory for novel associations in amnesia. Experiment 1 assessed priming
in a category exemplar generation task in which contextual information associated with a target could increase the likelihood
of target generation. Control participants, but not amnesic patients, showed associative priming. Amnesics’ impairment was
not due to the use of explicit memory by control subjects but reflected a genuine impairment in implicit memory for novel
conceptual associations. Experiment 2 assessed priming in a relatedness judgment task, in which associative priming was manifest
as longer latencies for old than for recombined pairs of unrelated words. Amnesic patients showed intact associative priming
in this task. We discuss differences in the status of implicit memory for novel conceptual associations in amnesia, with reference
to the nature of the representation that supports priming in the two tasks and the type of processing that is required at
test. 相似文献
44.
Performance in the McGeorge and Burton (1990) digit invariance task was originally thought to be mediated by unconscious abstraction of a “rule” that identified the invariant feature across all study items. Subsequent explanations have suggested explicit strategy use or similarity-to-exemplar matching rather than abstraction. This paper presents data that suggest that both similarity and abstraction can be used under different task demands. Delay between study and test afforded abstraction of the invariant knowledge whereas reducing the pool of study exemplars enhanced responding based on specific similarity. These results parallel effects found in the categorization literature. Rule abstraction in this sense may be due to statistical learning of feature frequency rather than abstraction of a central tendency or a complex/conceptual rule. Categorizing responses into subjective memory states (remember/know/guess) demonstrates that neither the similarity matching nor the abstraction mechanism uses information from episodic memory. Confidence measures show that participants are more confident of responses when the prototypical representation is used but not specific similarity. Taken together, these data suggest that abstracted knowledge is not held consciously but that participants have meta-awareness of when they are using the abstracted representation. 相似文献
45.
The authors examined the effects of age and ability (as measured by education and verbal ability) on self-reported memory functioning in adulthood. In Study 1, the age and ability groups responded similarly to the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (D. E. Broadbent, P. F. Cooper, P. Fitzgerald, & K. R. Parkes, 1982), but differences emerged when the authors examined specific items tapping prospective and retrospective memory. In Study 2, the authors found age and ability differences in self-reported memory functioning, as measured by the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (M. J. Gilewski, E. M. Zelinski, & K. W. Schaie, 1990) and in knowledge of memory aging, as measured by the Knowledge of Memory Aging Questionnaire (K. E. Cherry, R. L. West, C. M. Reese, M. P. Santa Maria, & M. Yassuda, 2000). In both studies, differences in self-reported functioning were not related to objective memory performance. In the second study, knowledge was positively related to performance. Implications for conceptions of metamemory and memory aging are considered. 相似文献
46.
Cherry KE Su LJ Welsh DA Galea S Jazwinski SM Silva JL Erwin MJ 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(10):2463-2487
This study examined the impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on cognitive and psychosocial functioning among middle-aged (45-64 years), older (65-89 years) and oldest-old adults (90 years and over) in the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study (LHAS). Analyses of pre- and post-disaster cognitive data showed storm-related decrements in working memory for the middle-aged and older adults, but not for the oldest-old adults. Regression analyses confirmed that measures of social engagement and storm-related disruption significantly predicted pre- to post-disaster differences in short-term and working memory performance for the middle-aged and older adults only. These results are consistent with a burden perspective on post-disaster psychological reactions. Implications for current views of disaster reactions are discussed. 相似文献
47.
In this paper we explore the connections between ethics and decision theory. In particular, we consider the question of whether decision theory carries with it a bias towards consequentialist ethical theories. We argue that there are plausible versions of the other ethical theories that can be accommodated by “standard” decision theory, but there are also variations of these ethical theories that are less easily accommodated. So while “standard” decision theory is not exclusively consequentialist, it is not necessarily ethically neutral. Moreover, even if our decision‐theoretic models get the right answers vis‐à‐vis morally correct action, the question remains as to whether the motivation for the non‐consequentialist theories and the psychological processes of the agents who subscribe to those ethical theories are lost or poorly represented in the resulting models. 相似文献
48.
Josée Poirier Katie Wolfinger Lisa Spellman Lewis P. Shapiro 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2010,39(5):411-427
Ellipsis refers to an element that is absent from the input but whose meaning can nonetheless be recovered from context. In
this cross-modal priming study, we examined the online processing of Sluicing, an ellipsis whose antecedent is an entire clause:
The handyman threw a book to the programmer but I don’t know which book the handyman threw to the programmerellipsis. To understand such an elliptical construction, the listener arguably must ‘fill in’ the missing material (“the handyman threw___
to the programmer”) based on that which occurs in the antecedent clause. We aimed to determine the point in time in which
reconstruction of the sluiced sentence is attempted and whether such a complex antecedent is re-accessed by the ellipsis.
Out of the two antecedent constituents for which we probed, only the Object (programmer) was found active in the elliptical clause, confirming that an antecedent is attributed to the sluice in real time. Possible
reasons for the non-observation of the Subject (handyman) are considered. We also suggest that ellipses are detected earlier in coordinated than subordinated sentences. 相似文献
49.
The factor structure and composite reliability of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale among ex-prisoners
Daniel Boduszek Philip Hyland Katie Dhingra John Mallett 《Personality and individual differences》2013
The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and composite reliability of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) using a sample of 669 ex-prisoners identified in the National Survey of American Life. Six distinct factor models, with uncorrelated measurement error terms, were specified and tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results indicated that the two-factor model consisting of positive and negative latent variables provided a better fit to the data than the alternative models. Moreover, only positive self-esteem was a significant predictor of recidivism. Composite reliability indicated that the two factors were measured with very good reliability. The results consequently provide additional support for a two-dimensional model of the RSES within offender populations. 相似文献
50.
Therese Macan Katie Mehner Lyndsey Havill John P. Meriac Lisa Roberts Laura Heft 《人类行为》2013,26(5):443-457
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the training and experience of assessors to record behaviors as part of an actual organizational assessment center (AC) would transfer to another context: performance appraisals. Specifically, we examined the effects of transfer of training on managers' behavioral specificity in comments on performance evaluations. Performance appraisal comments from managers who had received training and participated as an assessor and from managers who had not were compared. Analyses revealed significant differences between managers who were trained as assessors compared with managers who were not, suggesting transfer of training effects. Results provide the first empirical evidence for an added benefit of AC assessor participation and training. 相似文献