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901.
James H. Davis 《Psychometrika》1963,28(2):189-198
The problem of detecting emergent social structure in small groups is examined in terms of establishing a baseline or expected structure. The standard proposed here is equalitarianism; that is to say, every member is equally likely to interact with every other member. Using information theory, a formal statement of the equalitarian argument is possible. In addition to detecting a deviation by a single group, the structural tendency of several groups assigned to some experimental condition is discussed. This technique is designed for the preliminary analysis of structure; it deals only with the general character of the total structure.The author is indebted to Frank Restle for valuable criticism and comment upon an earlier draft of this paper.This baseline problem is similar to one encountered in studies of group problem solving. Faust [5], Davis [3], and Davis and Restle [4] have proposed the statistical pooling model of Lorge and Solomon [13] as a proper standard against which to compare the group's product in certain cases. (See Restle and Davis [22] for a more extensive theoretical discussion of individual and group problem solving.) 相似文献
902.
903.
904.
The aim of this study was to develop a tool for measuring individuals' dispositions toward the use of computers in their work environment. The study reports the construction and validation of a general computer attitude and perceived computer attribute scale. Exploratory factor analytical evidence with a sample of 381 employees indicated a structure underpinned by two constructs, an attitudinal factor and a perceived computer attribute factor. The internal consistency estimates of reliability of scores were .81 for the attitudinal factor and .89 for the perceived computer attribute factor. Compared to the computer attitude subscale, scores on the perceived computer attribute subscale correlated higher with computer experience and professional computer use within the sample. 相似文献
905.
Britta?Davis?Dinsmore Elizabeth?A.?StormshakEmail author 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(2):100-116
The relation between perceived family functioning, intra-personal competence, and eating attitudes and behaviors was examined
in a sample of at-risk, ethnically diverse, early adolescents. Both family functioning and intra-personal competencies were
related to eating attitudes and behavior. However, adolescent intra-personal competence, defined as self-control, negative,
and positive coping, mediated the relationship between family functioning and eating attitudes and behaviors. Results suggest
that by early adolescence, important aspects of family environment have consolidated into individual differences in competence
and/or personality. Results are discussed within a developmental framework emphasizing the influence of the family on adolescent
psychosocial development. The implications of these data for prevention and intervention with at-risk adolescent girls are
also discussed.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, NIH, under Grant DA 07031, to Thomas J. Dishion. Appreciation
is expressed to the parents and adolescents who participated in this study, as well as the staff at the Project Alliance office
in Portland. 相似文献
906.
This multimethod research linked the Big-Five personality dimensions to interpersonal conflict in childhood. Agreeableness was the personality dimension of focus because this dimension has been associated with maintaining positive interpersonal relations in adolescents and adults. In two studies, elementary school children were assessed on the Big-Five domains of personality. Study 1 (n=276) showed that agreeableness was uniquely associated with endorsements of conflict resolution tactics in children as well as parent and teacher reports of coping and adjustment. Study 2 (n=234) revealed that children's perceptions of themselves and others during conflict was influenced by their agreeableness regardless of their partner's agreeableness. Observers also reported that pairs higher in agreeableness had more harmonious, constructive conflicts. Overall findings suggest that of the Big-Five dimensions, agreeableness is most closely associated with processes and outcomes related to interpersonal conflict and adjustment in children. 相似文献
907.
Studies have shown that attributes or variables associated with oneself are liked or preferred more compared to similar attributes unrelated to the self. Nuttin found in 1985 that people tend to prefer the letters that occur in their own names more than the letters that do not occur in their names. This name-letter-effect was later explained as a more general "mere ownership effect." The present purpose was to test whether the Mere Ownership Effect generalizes to a person's evaluation of their birthdate (month and year). 83 participants evaluated a variety of dates and objects. As expected, participants showed a significantly more positive evaluation of their own birth month and year than to their nonbirth months and years. 相似文献
908.
This investigation tests an elaborated form of Omoto and Snyder's volunteer process model, which explains how the helping behavior of volunteers is influenced by antecedent factors and by subjective experiences while volunteering. Two-hundred-thirty-eight community volunteers from nine different organizations were recruited at the time of initial orientation and completed measures of personality and motivation. They were contacted at four times during their first year of volunteering and queried regarding their emotional reactions (sympathy, distress), satisfaction, and degree to which their motivations for volunteering were being fulfilled. Consistent with the elaborated model, feelings of sympathy, distress, and motive fulfillment were substantially predicted by antecedent factors, and satisfaction with the volunteer work was substantially predicted by these subjective experiences. Also consistent with the elaborated model, volunteer involvement (hours per week volunteered) was predicted by satisfaction, although volunteer persistence over time was not. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
909.
25 undergraduate listeners judged that a male speaker with normal speech, who dentalized (lisped) or devoiced the /z/ phoneme in the context of a sentence, sounded significantly more "gay" in terms of judged sexual orientation than did the same speaker producing /z/ without phonological processes. Speech-language pathologists should be aware of possible social consequences of speech production disorders. 相似文献
910.
The purpose of the study was to assess medical journals’ conflicts of interest in the publication of book reviews. We examined
book reviews published in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (N=1,876) in five leading medical journals: Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical Journal (BMJ), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Lancet, and New England Journal of Medicine. The main outcome measure was journal publication of reviews of books that had been published by the journal’s own publisher,
that had been edited or authored by a lead editor of the journal, or that posed another conflict of interest. We also surveyed
the editors-in-chief of the five journals about their policies on these conflicts of interests. During the study period, four
of the five journals published 30 book reviews presenting a conflict of interest: nineteen by the BMJ, five by the Annals, four by JAMA, and two by the Lancet. These reviews represent 5.8%, 2.7%, 0.7%, and 0.7%, respectively, of all book reviews published by the journals. These four
journals, respectively, published reviews of 11.9%, 25.0%, 0.9%, and 1.0% of all medical books published by the journals’
publishers. Only one of the 30 book reviews included a disclosure statement addressing the conflict of interest. None of the
journals had a written policy pertaining to the conflicts of interest assessed in this study, although four reported having
unwritten policies. We recommend that scientific journals and associations representing journal editors develop policies on
conflicts of interest pertaining to book reviews.
Disclosure: R.M. Davis was North American editor of the BMJ from 1998 to 2001, and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the American Medical Association, which publishes JAMA. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of any organization
with which the authors have been affiliated. 相似文献