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David Pollard Paola Parmendola Linda Brennan Pierre Desrochers David Ellerman Rodrigo Firmino Ph.D. student François Therin Carl Hausler Moeketsi Letseka Rias van Wyk Kalpana David Jon W. Beard Ph.D. Kalpana David Andrej Pinter Daniel Hillyard John Magney Kai Jakobs 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2003,16(2):96-145
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The current experiment explored the effect of activating a counterfactual mind‐set on the discussion of unique information and group judgment accuracy. Evidence suggests that a counterfactual mind‐set is characterized by a focused, analytic mental state and, when activated at the group level, improves group judgment accuracy in the murder mystery paradigm (a hidden profile task). We hypothesized that the beneficial effect of the counterfactual mind‐set would only help group problem‐solving tasks if the mind‐set had been activated at the group level, allowing the analytical mind‐set to play out in an atmosphere of synergistic coordination. In contrast, if this highly focused mental state is activated at the individual level, it could impair group judgment quality because inwardly focused analytical individuals may fail to coordinate their behavior with other group members. Consistent with our hypothesis, activating a counterfactual mind‐set at the individual level had a debilitating effect on the group judgment task, whereas activating a counterfactual mind‐set at the group level had a facilitative effect, increasing information sharing, synergistic coordination and judgment accuracy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Francis X. Brennan Kevin D. Beck Richard J. Sevatius 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,38(1):36-44
Leverpress escape/avoidance is an excellent model for assessing coping in rats. Acquisition of the leverpress response is
determined by the interstimulus (signal-shock) interval, as well as the type and duration of the aversive event. One factor
that has received less research attention is the safety or feedback signal. The safety signal presumably negatively reinforces
leverpress responding through fear reduction. Here, we present a parametric manipulation of safety signal length and avoidance
performance. All rats were trained with a 60-s tone conditioned stimulus and an intermittent 1-s, 1.0-mA footshock. Training
was further accomplished with a 1−, 2−, 4−, or 6-min safety signal. Acquisition of the avoidance response was comparable at
all safety signal durations. Rats trained with the shortest safety signal (1 min) exhibited more leverpresses during the safe
period, a measure of anxiety. Thus, acquisition of the leverpress avoidance response was efficient regardless of safety signal
duration, even though shorter periods were associated with greater anxiety. 相似文献
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Brian McGrath M. A. Brennan Pat Dolan Rosemary Barnett 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2009,19(4):299-320
The purpose of this research was to examine the extent to which social support and wider community perceptions/engagements among adolescents are connected with well‐being. We compared adolescents in two different societal contexts, Florida in the United States and County Offaly, in Ireland, and posed the questions: What are the key predictors of subjective well‐being from the various sources of support, and to what extent does the impact of social support on well‐being vary across these two societies? Questionnaires were completed and returned for 607 respondents (322 in the Irish study and 285 in the Florida study). A variety of scales were adopted and designed to operationalize our key concepts of: Adolescent well‐being, social support, school satisfaction, neighbourhood quality of life and community/voluntary participation. Our results indicate that informal social support and school satisfaction were the strongest predictors of youth well‐being in both locations, despite some differences in terms of individual influencing variables. From informal sources, emotional support from friends and advice/concrete/esteem support from parents emerged as important predictive dimensions. Liking school, perceptions of doing well in school were the main predictors of school satisfaction in Ireland while, in Florida, student camaraderie and the experience of bullying emerged as significant. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
227.
Catherine P. Bradshaw Anne L. Sawyer Lindsey M. O’Brennan 《American journal of community psychology》2009,43(3-4):204-220
Social disorganization theory suggests that certain school-level indictors of disorder may be important predictors of bullying-related attitudes and behaviors. Multilevel analyses were conducted on bullying-related attitudes and experiences among 22,178 students in 95 elementary and middle schools. The intraclass correlation coefficients indicated that 0.6–2% of the variance in victimization, 5–10% of the variance in retaliatory attitudes, 5–6% of the variance in perceptions of safety, and 0.9% of the variance in perpetration of bullying was associated with the clustering of students within schools. Although the specific associations varied somewhat for elementary schools as compared to middle schools, the hierarchical linear modeling analyses generally suggested that school-level indicators of disorder (e.g., student–teacher ratio, concentration of student poverty, suspension rate, and student mobility) were significant predictors of bullying-related attitudes and experiences. Student-level characteristics (i.e., sex, ethnicity, status in school) were also relevant to students’ retaliatory attitudes, perceptions of safety, and involvement in bullying. Implications for school-based research and violence prevention are provided. 相似文献
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