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241.
Young children's integration of weight and distance information was examined using a new methodology that combines a single-armed apparatus with functional measurement. Weight and distance values were varied factorially across the item set. Children estimated how far the beam would tilt when different numbers of weights were placed at different distances from the pivot. There was a developmental progression from non-systematic responding (3-year-olds) to responding based on a single variable, usually weight (4-year-olds) to responding based on integration of weight and distance (5-, 6- and 7-year-olds). Individual analyses revealed additive and multiplicative integration rules in children aged from 5 years. Weight–distance strategy complexity increased with age and was associated with better performance on independent measures of relational processing, especially the more complex items. Thus weight–distance integration involves processing of complex relational information. The findings enhance the explanatory power of Relational Complexity theory as a domain-general approach to cognitive development. 相似文献
242.
Can 6- and 8-year-olds (and adults) comprehend common instrument verbs when extended to novel situations? Participants heard eight unusual extensions of common verbs and were asked to paraphrase the verbs’ meanings. Half of the verbs used were specified instrument verbs that include the name of the instrument used to perform the action (e.g., a vacuum is used to vacuum); the other half were open instrument verbs (e.g., write) whose function can be performed with a range of objects. Results suggest that children's ability to interpret verb extensions increases with age, that open instrument verb extensions were more difficult to comprehend than specified instrument verb extensions and that performance on verb extension correlates with scores on a standardized test of language acquisition. Verb knowledge continues to develop well beyond the preschool years. 相似文献
243.
Kathy R. Berenson Anett Gyurak
zlem Ayduk Geraldine Downey Matthew J. Garner Karin Mogg Brendan P. Bradley Daniel S. Pine 《Journal of research in personality》2009,43(6):1064-1072
Two studies tested the hypothesis that Rejection Sensitivity (RS) increases vulnerability to disruption of attention by social threat cues, as would be consistent with prior evidence that it motivates individuals to prioritize detecting and managing potential rejection at a cost to other personal and interpersonal goals. In Study 1, RS predicted disruption of ongoing goal-directed attention by social threat but not negative words in an Emotional Stroop task. In Study 2, RS predicted attentional avoidance of threatening but not pleasant faces in a Visual Probe task. Threat-avoidant attention was also associated with features of borderline personality disorder. This research extends understanding of processes by which RS contributes to a self-perpetuating cycle of interpersonal problems and distress. 相似文献
244.
Charles E. Cunningham Tracy Vaillancourt Heather Rimas Ken Deal Lesley Cunningham Kathy Short Yvonne Chen 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):929-943
We used discrete choice conjoint analysis to model the bullying prevention program preferences of educators. Using themes
from computerized decision support lab focus groups (n = 45 educators), we composed 20 three-level bullying prevention program design attributes. Each of 1,176 educators completed
25 choice tasks presenting experimentally varied combinations of the study’s attribute levels. Latent class analysis yielded
three segments with different preferences. Decision Sensitive educators (31%) preferred that individual schools select bullying
prevention programs. In contrast, Support Sensitive educators (51%) preferred that local school boards chose bullying prevention
programs. This segment preferred more logistical and social support at every stage of the adoption, training, implementation,
and long term maintenance processes. Cost Sensitive educators (16%) showed a stronger preference for programs minimizing costs,
training, and implementation time demands. They felt prevention programs were less effective and that the time and space in
the curriculum for bullying prevention was less adequate. They were less likely to believe that bullying prevention was their
responsibility and more likely to agree that prevention was the responsibility of parents. All segments preferred programs
supported by the anecdotal reports of colleagues from other schools rather than those based on scientific evidence. To ensure
that the bullying prevention options available reflect the complex combination of attributes influencing real world adoption
decisions, program developers need to accommodate the differing views of the Decision, Support, and Cost Sensitive segments
while maximizing the support of parents and students. 相似文献
245.
Cumulative exposure to glucocorticoid hormones (GC) over the lifespan has been associated with cognitive impairment and may contribute to physical and cognitive degeneration in aging. The objective of the present study was to examine whether the pattern of cognitive deficits in patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS), a disorder characterized by chronic exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids (GC), is similar to that observed in older individuals. Ten subjects with CS were compared to sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls and older subjects (age of CS subjects + 15 yr). All participants were administered tests to assess attention, visuospatial processing, learning and memory, reasoning, concept formation and verbal fluency. MANCOVAs with depression scores as covariate and polynomial contrasts revealed that the age-matched control group performed better than the CS and older subject groups in visual target detection, trail making test, stroop task, digit symbol substitution, block design, object assembly, visual reproduction, spatial memory and similarities. The CS and older subjects performed similarly on these tasks. Further, a principal component analysis revealed two significant factors, representing general cognitive function and verbal memory explaining 39.9% and 10.0% of the variance, respectively. Additional MANCOVAs with depression as a covariate revealed that CS and older control subjects showed impaired performance on general cognitive function compared to age-matched controls. These results suggest that hypersecretion of GCs has “aging-like” effects on cognitive performance in individuals with CS. 相似文献
246.
This research examines the methodologies employed by cognitive psychologists to study "false memory," and assesses if these methodologies are likely to facilitate scientific progress or perhaps constrain the conclusions reached. A PsycINFO search of the empirical publications in cognitive psychology was conducted through January, 2004, using the subject heading, "false memory." The search produced 198 articles. Although there is an apparent false memory research bandwagon in cognitive psychology, with increasing numbers of studies published on this topic over the past decade, few researchers (only 13.1% of the articles) have studied false memory as the term was originally intended--to specifically refer to planting memory for an entirely new event that was never experienced in an individual's lifetime. Cognitive psychologists interested in conducting research relevant to assessing the authenticity of memories for child sexual abuse should consider the generalizability of their research to the planting of entirely new events in memory. 相似文献
247.
Alice M. Hines Peter A. Lee Kathy L. Osterling Laurie Drabble 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(2):275-289
We examined child, family and system-related factors associated with reunification across African American, Latino, Asian
and White families involved in the child welfare system in one large and ethnically diverse California County. Data were obtained
from extensive reviews of child welfare case records and multivariate analysis was performed on a wide array of variables
not found in previous research. Results indicated that when taking other factors into account, ethnicity was not a strong
predictor of reunification. Factors that predicted reunification varied across ethnic groups, with none of the predictors
being significant for the Asian group. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed. 相似文献
248.
Miriam K. Ehrensaft Patricia Cohen Henian Chen Kathy Berenson 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(4):577-588
We investigated age-based changes in mothers’ complaints about offspring behavioral opposition, and offspring reports of opposition
in a prospective longitudinal design (N = 821). Maternal complaints declined from pre-adolescence to early adulthood, but more slowly in low socioeconomic status
(SES) and single-parent families. Mothers complained more about first- than later-born children, but showed no average differences
for offspring gender, race, SES, or single parent status. Complaints covaried with youth-reported opposition, but effects
involving SES, single-parent status, and birth order remained significant after opposition was controlled; this finding is
interpreted to reflect social contextual differences in maternal beliefs. Youth opposition was stable to age 16, then decreased;
higher levels were associated with earlier birth order and low SES among European-Americans. Our results have implications
for parenting interventions, indicating that parents may benefit from education about the normative, gradual increase in concordance
between their own expectations and their child’s behavior from early to late adolescence. Further, parenting interventions
may be strengthened by actively attending to social contextual factors that shape parental belief systems and values. 相似文献
249.
This study addressed self-perception of disability and the belief that others perceive one to have a disability. Factors from the medical and social models of disability were tested to determine if social factors still play a role in such perceptions when controlling for medical factors. Cross-sectional data from the 1994–1995 National Health Interview Study on Disability (NHIS-D) provided a stratified random sample of 25,805 noninstitutionalized adults. Logistic regression models were used to demonstrate that even controlling for medical factors (e.g., particular disabling conditions and restrictions in activities of daily living), social and vocational factors were significant predictors of disability perception. Ramifications for the theoretical study of disability, social psychology, and disability policy are discussed. 相似文献
250.