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71.
Using birth stories as our object of inquiry, this article examines the ways in which normative discourses about gender, disability and Down syndrome construct the birth stories of three mothers of children with Down syndrome. Their stories are composed of the mothers’ recollections of the first hours after birth as a time when their infants are separated from them and their postpartum needs are ignored. Together, their stories illustrate socio-cultural tropes that position Down syndrome as a dangerous form of the “other” and mothers who give birth to children with Down syndrome as implicated in transgressing cultural norms. 相似文献
72.
Mauro Manassi Alina Liberman Anna Kosovicheva Kathy Zhang David Whitney 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2018,25(6):2245-2253
Observers perceive objects in the world as stable over space and time, even though the visual experience of those objects is often discontinuous and distorted due to masking, occlusion, camouflage, or noise. How are we able to easily and quickly achieve stable perception in spite of this constantly changing visual input? It was previously shown that observers experience serial dependence in the perception of features and objects, an effect that extends up to 15 seconds back in time. Here, we asked whether the visual system utilizes an object’s prior physical location to inform future position assignments in order to maximize location stability of an object over time. To test this, we presented subjects with small targets at random angular locations relative to central fixation in the peripheral visual field. Subjects reported the perceived location of the target on each trial by adjusting a cursor’s position to match its location. Subjects made consistent errors when reporting the perceived position of the target on the current trial, mislocalizing it toward the position of the target in the preceding two trials (Experiment 1). This pull in position perception occurred even when a response was not required on the previous trial (Experiment 2). In addition, we show that serial dependence in perceived position occurs immediately after stimulus presentation, and it is a fast stabilization mechanism that does not require a delay (Experiment 3). This indicates that serial dependence occurs for position representations and facilitates the stable perception of objects in space. Taken together with previous work, our results show that serial dependence occurs at many stages of visual processing, from initial position assignment to object categorization. 相似文献
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Professor Kathy Sylva Stephen Scott Vasiliki Totsika Katharina Ereky‐Stevens Carolyn Crook 《The British journal of educational psychology》2008,78(3):435-455
Background . Low levels of literacy and high levels of behaviour problems in middle childhood often co‐occur. These persistent difficulties pose a risk to academic and social development, leading to social exclusion in adulthood. Although parent‐training programmes have been shown to be effective in enabling parents to support their children's development, very few parent interventions offer a combination of behavioural and literacy training. Aims . This paper (1) reports on a prevention programme which aimed to tackle behaviour and literacy problems in children at the beginning of school, and (2) presents the effects of the intervention on children's literacy. Sample . One hundred and four 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children selected from eight schools in an inner city disadvantaged community in London participated in the intervention. Methods . This is a randomized control trial with pre‐ and post‐measurements designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. The behavioural intervention consisted of the ‘Incredible Years’ group parenting programme combined with a new programme designed to train parents to support their children's reading at home. Results . Analyses demonstrated a significant effect of the intervention on children's word reading and writing skills, as well as parents' use of reading strategies with their children. Conclusion . A structured multicomponent preventive package delivered with attention to fidelity can enable parents to support their children's reading at home and increase their literacy skills. Together with the improvement in child behaviour, these changes could improve the life chances of children in disadvantaged communities. 相似文献
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Alfiee M. Breland-Noble Carl C. Bell Antoinette Burriss H. Kathy Poole 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(2):273-280
We present baseline data and describe the utility of a community engaged, culturally relevant approach to recruiting African
American youth and families for phase I of The AAKOMA Project. The AAKOMA Project is a two phase treatment development study
to improve mental health service use among depressed African American youth. We completed capacity building activities using
a community engaged framework and Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) methods. Replicating the (Alvarez et al. in
West J Nurs Res 28:541–560, 2006) model of systematic community outreach enhanced our ability to effectively recruit partners and evaluate outreach efforts
as demonstrated by our Recruitment Success Factor (RSF—i.e. ‘an adjusted ratio of eligible participant yield to contacts made’).
Using the chi-square goodness-of-fit statistic; we compared the RSFs of the various modes of participant study entry to determine
which was most effective. Our target enrollment was 56 persons. We recruited 130 and enrolled 57. Our baseline data is drawn
from a gender balanced and socioeconomically diverse sample who participated in youth focus groups and individual interviews
and adult focus groups. We identified 3 study participant referral modes (self-referral, provider referral and participant-to-participant
referral) with multiple sources per mode and an overall RSF of 0.41. Study findings support the effectiveness of assiduous
and systematic community interaction, reflective review of recruitment efforts and the importance of disseminating information
on strategic recruitment processes for engaging diverse populations in clinical research. 相似文献
79.
Although it is now well established that object concepts are situated within broader systems of theoretical knowledge, it is less clear how theories influence the use of object concepts at various points throughout the continuum of expertise. Two studies were conducted to investigate the impact of specific theories (concerning dinosaurs) and overarching framework theories (of biology) on children's and adults' performance on categorization tasks involving familiar and less familiar concepts. Although expertise increased the quantity of deep feature knowledge possessed by children and increased their understanding of biologically adaptive relations among features, few aspects of children's performance generalized beyond highly familiar dinosaurs. Children's specific theories related to dinosaurs were empirically constrained and relatively dissociated from other types of biological knowledge. The interaction of specific concept knowledge with broader framework theories of biology throughout the continuum of expertise is considered. 相似文献
80.
Luis?H.?ZayasEmail author Kathy?R.?B.?Jankowski M.?Diane?McKee 《Journal of Adult Development》2005,12(1):53-62
Taking a life-course perspective, we explored the sense of parenting efficacy during the pregnancy-postpartum transition among
a group under-represented in much of adult developmental research, minority women. Our intent was to describe the women's
report of parenting competency in a major life transition occurring within the context of an impoverished urban environment.
We also explored associations with depression, social support, and life events. One hundred and eighty-two African-American
and Hispanic mothers at community health centers in low-income urban areas completed measures early in the third trimester
and again at 3 months postpartum. Across time, the levels of reported parental efficacy and satisfaction increased while depressive
symptoms decreased. Negative life events and levels of depressive symptomatology differentially influenced women's experience
of parenting satisfaction and efficacy feelings before and after their babies were born. 相似文献