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101.
Michael W. Beets Randy Vogel Stanley Chapman Kenneth H. Pitetti Bradley J. Cardinal 《Sex roles》2007,56(1-2):125-131
In this study we examined the relationships among parental social supportive behaviors for children’s weekday and weekend
outdoor physical activity (OPA). Thirty-nine girls and 29 boys 8 to 11 years wore pedometers for 7 days. Sixty-five mothers
and 50 fathers responded to a social support questionnaire about OPA that was comprised of four dimensions: encouragement,
playing with, use of activity as family recreation, and watch. After controlling for age and sport participation, regression
analyses indicated that mothers’ use of activity as recreation was positively associated with girls’ weekday OPA. On the weekend,
fathers’ play with son was positively related to OPA. The effectiveness of family-based activity interventions depends on
when parents have opportunities to be present for their child’s activity and gender differences in the support provided. 相似文献
102.
Goodman GS Sayfan L Lee JS Sandhei M Walle-Olsen A Magnussen S Pezdek K Arredondo P 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2007,98(4):233-242
This study demonstrates that experience and development interact to influence the "cross-race effect." In a multination study (n=245), Caucasian children and adults of European ancestry living in the United States, Norway, or South Africa, as well as biracial (Caucasian-African American) children and adults living in the United States, were tested for recognition of Asian, African, and Caucasian faces. Regardless of national or biracial background, 8- to 10-year-olds, 12- to 14-year-olds, and adults recognized own-race faces more accurately than other-race faces, and did so to a similar extent, whereas 5- to 7-year-olds recognized all face types equally well. This same developmental pattern emerged for biracial children and adults. Thus, early meaningful exposure did not substantially alter the developmental trajectory. During young childhood, developmental influences on face processing operate on a system sufficiently plastic to preclude, under certain conditions, the cross-race effect. 相似文献
103.
Loftus AM Nicholls ME Mattingley JB Chapman HL Bradshaw JL 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(5):925-945
Patients with unilateral neglect of the left side bisect physical lines to the right whereas individuals with an intact brain bisect lines slightly to the left (pseudoneglect). Similarly, for mental number lines, which are arranged in a left-to-right ascending sequence, neglect patients bisect to the right. This study determined whether individuals with an intact brain show pseudoneglect for mental number lines. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with visual number triplets (e.g., 16, 36, 55) and determined whether the numerical distance was greater on the left or right side of the inner number. Despite changing the spatial configuration of the stimuli, or their temporal order, the numerical length on the left was consistently overestimated. The fact that the bias was unaffected by physical stimulus changes demonstrates that the bias is based on a mental representation. The leftward bias was also observed for sets of negative numbers (Experiment 2)--demonstrating not only that the number line extends into negative space but also that the bias is not the result of an arithmetic distortion caused by logarithmic scaling. The leftward bias could be caused by a rounding-down effect. Using numbers that were prone to large or small rounding-down errors, Experiment 3 showed no effect of rounding down. The task demands were changed in Experiment 4 so that participants determined whether the inner number was the true arithmetic centre or not. Participants mistook inner numbers shifted to the left to be the true numerical centre--reflecting leftward overestimation. The task was applied to 3 patients with right parietal damage with severe, moderate, or no spatial neglect (Experiment 5). A rightward bias was observed, which depended on the severity of neglect symptoms. Together, the data demonstrate a reliable and robust leftward bias for mental number line bisection, which reverses in clinical neglect. The bias mirrors pseudoneglect for physical lines and most likely reflects an expansion of the space occupied by lower numbers on the left side of the line and a contraction of space for higher numbers located on the right. 相似文献
104.
Bret G. Bentz Stephany L. Mahaffey Amber M. Adami Danielle M. Romig Raychel C. Muenke Stephanie G. Barfield Jolyn R. Teer Kathy DeOrnellas 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(1):20-26
This investigation directly tested the Consider-An-Alternative debiasing procedure and the reduction of pessimistic threat-related
judgments associated with anxiety. Two separate generation interventions were included to test the availability heuristic
as a possible explanation of the debiasing effect. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three interventions and probability
estimates of future threat-related events were completed in a repeated measures experimental design. Level of trait anxiety
was measured to assign participants to “normal” and highly anxious groups. The data were analyzed in a 3 × 2 × 2 mixed factorial
repeated measures ANOVA. The results found that only the short debiasing intervention showed a significant reduction of pessimistic
judgments in comparison to the control group. The results were interpreted as supporting the availability heuristic as an
explanation of the debiasing effect. Further analysis also suggested that the content of recall may be as important to the
debiasing effect as ease of recall. 相似文献
105.
106.
Iris Blandón‐Gitlin Kathy Pezdek D. Stephen Lindsay Lisa Hagen 《Applied cognitive psychology》2009,23(7):901-917
Worldwide, the criteria‐based content analysis (CBCA) is probably the most widely used veracity assessment technique for discriminating between accounts of true and fabricated events. In this study, two experiments examined the effectiveness of the CBCA for discriminating between accounts of true events and suggested events believed to be true. In Experiment 1, CBCA‐trained judges evaluated participants' accounts of true and suggestively planted childhood events. In Experiment 2, judges analysed accounts of recent events that were experimentally manipulated to be a (a) true experience, (b) false experience believed to be true and (c) deliberately fabricated experience. In both experiments CBCA scores were significantly higher for accounts of true events than suggested events. However, this difference was not significant for participants classified as experiencing ‘full’ memories for the suggested event. Self‐report memory measures supported the findings of the CBCA analyses. Taken together these results suggest that the CBCA discriminative power is greatly constrained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
107.
We analyze differences in cooperation between men and women in social dilemma settings. Using a structural social psychological framework, we examine how the actor, the encounter, the microstructure, and the macrostructure might influence when gender differences emerge in cooperation. Many of the interaction differences, often linked to innate differences between men and women, are modified when the context is modified. We pay particular attention to how status and identity are connected to such modifications. 相似文献
108.
109.
People overweight certainty, even when certainty is only an illusion. A vaccine that was described as 100% effective against
70% of disease targets was preferred to one described as 70% effective against 100% of disease targets (Studies 1 and 2).
The appeal of 100% extends beyond the probability attribute. In Study 2, participants preferred both of the vaccines above
to normatively equivalent vaccines that were less than 100% effective toward fewer than 100% of targets. In Study 3, participants
preferred a 100% discount on a cup of coffee every 10 days to other more frequent, but lower amount, discounts. This preference
evaporated, however, when savings were framed as points rather than as percentage discounts. We propose that people view 100%
as a salient reference point and overweight it in those domains where it cannot be exceeded (e.g., probability, discount);
the overweighting is weaker in domains where 100% can be exceeded (e.g., target range, points). 相似文献
110.
Kathy Sanders-Phillips 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2009,12(2):174-195
This article reviews and examines findings on the impact of racial discrimination on the development and functioning of children
of color in the US. Based on current definitions of violence and child maltreatment, exposure to racial discrimination should
be considered as a form of violence that can significantly impact child outcomes and limit the ability of parents and communities
to provide support that promotes resiliency and optimal child development. In this article, a conceptual model of the effects
of racial discrimination in children of color is presented. The model posits that exposure to racial discrimination may be
a chronic source of trauma in the lives of many children of color that negatively influences mental and physical outcomes
as well as parent and community support and functioning. Concurrent exposure to other forms of violence, including domestic,
interpersonal and/or community violence, may exacerbate these effects. The impact of a potential continuum of violence exposure
for children of color in the US and the need for future research and theoretical models on children’s exposure to violence
that attend to the impact of racial discrimination on child outcomes are discussed. 相似文献