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91.
The neural correlates of reward-related trial-and-error learning: an fMRI study with a probabilistic learning task 下载免费PDF全文
Koch K Schachtzabel C Wagner G Reichenbach JR Sauer H Schlösser R 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(10):728-732
This fMRI study investigated the neural correlates of reward-related trial-and-error learning in association with changing degrees of stimulus-outcome predictabilities. We found that decreasing predictability was associated with increasing activation in a frontoparietal network. Only maximum predictability was associated with signal decreases across the learning process. The receipt of monetary reward revealed activation in the striatum and associated frontoparietal regions. Present data indicate that during reward-related learning, high uncertainty forces areas relevant for cognitive control to remain activated. In contrast, learning on the basis of predictable stimulus-outcome associations enables the brain to reduce resources in association with the processes of prediction. 相似文献
92.
Carol K. Winkler 《Argumentation》2008,22(4):473-488
As the world has increasingly embraced globalization, temptations to encroach on traditional boundaries of state sovereignty
for reasons of self-interest mount. Argumentation studies provide an important lens for examining the public discourse used
to justify such moves. This essay examines the Bush administration’s strategic use of the definitional processes of association
and dissociation to build its public case for regime change in Afghanistan. After exploring how the Bush administration’s
early rhetoric after 9/11 failed to actually provide the Taliban a choice to remain in power, the essay reveals three combinations
of the terrorism/state relationship that functioned as an argument by definition to gain support for the US campaign to overthrow
the regime. 相似文献
93.
PD Dr. med. Kathrin Sevecke Maya K. Krischer 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2011,5(3):154-164
Personality disorders in juveniles are still a controversially discussed topic. The aim of this paper is to describe the recent trend in personality research in adolescence and to outline perspectives in research and assessment. Recent study results have pointed out that personality disorders in juveniles can be reliably assessed with diagnostic instruments that have been developed for adults. At the same time there is a lack of specific instruments that can represent the characteristics during adolescence and that can differentiate personality disorders from youth crises. As some personality disorder dimensions also describe unstable developmental criteria we will focus separately on this differential diagnosis and meaning of stable versus transient personality characteristics in youth. The prevalence of personality disorders seems to be higher in adolescence than in adulthood. The stability, however, is comparable in adolescence and adulthood. Psychopathy as a subtype of the antisocial personality disorder ?C that can also be assessed in juveniles ?C will be discussed regarding its core and behavioral dimensions as well as primary and secondary subtypes. Furthermore, we discuss forensic issues when assessing personality disorders with respect to criminal responsibility. Overall we can show that more diagnostic longitudinal studies are essential in order to clarify under which conditions personality disorders develop, which factors influence its course and which interventions can change them. 相似文献
94.
Anne Kathrin Nickel Thomas Hillecke Rieke Oelkers Franz Resch Hans Volker Bolay 《Psychotherapeut》2002,47(5):285-290
Migraine in childhood is a serious health problem with a tendency for chronification. According to the bio-psycho-social model migraine is considered as a disorder generated by multiple factors and requiring an interdisciplinary treatment concept consisting of both medical and psychotherapeutic interventions. Music therapy as a nonverbal, creative arts therapy is especially apt for the treatment of children. A specific treatment concept in music therapy for children with migraine, to be applied within a multidisciplinary framework, and its theoretical background are presented in this article. Music therapy is firmly established within the context of stationary infant psychiatric care. Also, it is presently used as a method of outpatient psychotherapy mainly for children and adolescents. Additionally, music therapy finds frequent use in medical care, special needs education and curative education for children. This article will be limited to the presentation of music therapy as artistic psychotherapy. 相似文献
95.
Coaching is increasingly used to support entrepreneurs across different stages of the entrepreneurial process. Due to its custom-tailored, active, and reflection-oriented approach, it has been suggested that it is particularly well suited to entrepreneurs’ complex job demands. However, in the entrepreneurial context, the term coaching lacks a clear definition and is frequently used interchangeably with other types of support. We therefore sought to characterize entrepreneurial coaching (EC) and to position it relative to related interventions. We conducted 67 interviews with coaches (n = 44) and early-stage entrepreneurs (n = 23) experienced in EC. Using qualitative content analysis, we specify outcomes, input, process, and contextual factors for EC. Among process factors, we identify seven coach functions that reflect specific coach behaviors. Contextual factors include entrepreneurial job demands and institutional boundary conditions of “embedded” EC. Based on our findings, we position EC within a two-dimensional framework, consisting of the expert- versus process-consultation approach and the individual-work-venture focus. We locate the seven coach functions within this framework. Relative to other interventions, EC stands between classical workplace coaching and start-up consultancy, closer to, yet distinct from, entrepreneurial mentoring and executive coaching. We derive practical implications for coaches, entrepreneurs, and organizational stakeholders and propose directions for future research. 相似文献
96.
Nora Ortner Maximilian Preiß Kathrin Sevecke 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2018,12(3):207-216
The term psychopathy is defined as a severe personality pathology, which is characterized by extreme aggressive, antisocial and violent behavior as well as affective and interpersonal deficits. In recent years, research into the construct of psychopathy has often focused on the incidence and detection of such pathologies in children and adolescents. In this context, a point of interest is to explore the course and stability of psychopathic personality dimensions throughout youth. Results demonstrate clear evidence for the occurrence of personality traits characteristic for psychopathy in early childhood and adulthood, which facilitates early detection with the aid of age-specific diagnostic instruments.The distinct correlation between psychopathy and severe, repeated and largely treatment refractory violence, which results in substantial public damage, calls for further research in children and adolescents in order to define the construct of psychopathy more precisely, to further illuminate underlying pathologies and consequently develop more specific typologies and effective treatment strategies. To that end, it is of particular importance to correctly capture dimensional factors of psychopathy in youth and to examine their stability throughout stages of adolescent development. 相似文献
97.
Orsolya Szalárdy Brigitta Tóth Dávid Farkas Annamária Kovács Gábor Urbán Gábor Orosz Beáta Tünde Szabó László Hunyadi Botond Hajdu István Winkler 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(5):932-948
The notion of automatic syntactic analysis received support from some event-related potential (ERP) studies. However, none of these studies tested syntax processing in the presence of a concurrent speech stream. Here we present two concurrent continuous speech streams, manipulating two variables potentially affecting speech processing in a fully crossed design: attention (focused vs. divided) and task (lexical – detecting numerals vs. syntactical – detecting syntactic violations). ERPs elicited by syntactic violations and numerals as targets were compared with those for distractors (task-relevant events in the unattended speech stream) and attended and unattended task-irrelevant events. As was expected, only target numerals elicited the N2b and P3 components. The amplitudes of these components did not significantly differ between focused and divided attention. Both task-relevant and task-irrelevant syntactic violations elicited the N400 ERP component within the attended but not in the unattended speech stream. P600 was only elicited by target syntactic violations. These results provide no support for the notion of automatic syntactic analysis. Rather, it appears that task-relevance is a prerequisite of P600 elicitation, implying that in-depth syntactic analysis occurs only for attended speech under everyday listening situations. 相似文献
98.
Developing a cortex specialized for face perception 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent developmental functional magnetic resonance imaging studies provide evidence that the cortical specialization for face perception observed in adults emerges only gradually over the first decade of childhood. These developmental results provide a middle-ground view on the long-standing debate in the literature from adults about the specificity or otherwise of face-sensitive areas of cortex. According to this developmental perspective, certain cortical regions become specialized for face perception in adults, partly as a result of a decade or more of experience and partly as a result of initial biases. 相似文献
99.
Dr. Martin Rettenberger Kathrin Gaunersdorfer Mag. Frank Schilling Mag. Priv.-Doz. Dr. Reinhard Eher 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2009,3(4):318-328
The Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) is one of the most important actuarial risk assessment instruments for sexual offenders. In the meantime, the application of actuarial instruments in recidivism risk assessment for sexual offenders is regarded as state of the art. In addition to results about interrater reliability and concurrent validity we present results about the differential and predictive validity of the SORAG and a screening version of the SORAG (SORAG-SV), which relies only on file information. In order to examine the predictive validity, we used a representative sample of 519 male sexual offenders released from a prison sentence served in one of Austrian´s prisons with a mean follow-up period of 3½ years. Furthermore, we tested the differential validity by dividing the whole sample in different subsamples regarding age, index offense type, and degree of antisociality. Both SORAG and SORAG-SV showed predominantly good predictive accuracy which, however, varied depending on offender subgroup and recidivism category. 相似文献
100.
Differences in physical aggression among 114 male !Kung San (bushmen) from Namibia were investigated with regard to sex hormone levels, body dimensions, consumption of alcohol, and degree of acculturation. Subjects were classified from injuries resulting from prior conflicts with mutual physical aggression between the opponents as either violent or nonviolent. The comparison of mean sex hormone values (total serum testosterone, Tser; serum 5α-dihydrotestosterone, DHT; serum estradiol 17β, E2; “free,” non-SHBG-bound salivary testosterone, Tsal) and hormone ratios (Tsal/Tser; DHT/Tser) did not yield any significant differences between the violent and nonviolent group. However, correlation coefficients of sex hormone levels with the frequency of violent behavior within the group of physically aggressive San men were significantly positive for DHT, Tsal, and Tsal/Tser (P < .05) while Tser, E2, and DHT/Tser showed only weak positive correlations. Moreover, the violent men exhibit higher mean values in certain measures of physical robustness which may point to a possible pathway of indirect androgen action on human aggression. When the probands were classified according to their drinking habits, usually abstinent men had shown significantly less violent behavior in the past than men who habitually consume alcohol. 相似文献