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941.
Using a multiple probe design across responses, we demonstrated the effectiveness of intensive intervention in establishing spontaneous verbal responses to 2 3-year-old children with autism with generalization to novel settings involving novel persons. Intervention involved discrete-trial instruction (i.e., repeated instructional opportunities presented in close proximity to high rates of reinforcement), specific prompts, and error correction. Spontaneous responses were defined as specific verbal utterances (e.g., the child says "bless you") following discriminative stimuli that did not involve explicit vocal directives (e.g., adult sneeze). The development of effective interventions to address the social-communicative needs of very young children with autism is discussed. 相似文献
942.
Bessette Katie L. Karstens Aimee J. Crane Natania A. Peters Amy T. Stange Jonathan P. Elverman Kathleen H. Morimoto Sarah Shizuko Weisenbach Sara L. Langenecker Scott A. 《Neuropsychology review》2020,30(4):477-498
Neuropsychology Review - The cognitive processes involved in inhibitory control accuracy (IC) and interference resolution speed (IR) or broadly – inhibition – are discussed in this... 相似文献
943.
Lisa N. Foster Katherine R. Krohn Daniel F. McCleary Kathleen B. Aspiranti Meagan L. Nalls Colin C. Quillivan Cora M. Taylor Robert L. Williams 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2009,18(2):173-188
Students in six sections of a large undergraduate class were asked to record their class comments on notecards in all course
units. Additionally, in some units, they received points toward their course grade based on their reported comments in class
discussion. The study was conducted over a two-semester period, with slight variation in both the recording and crediting
procedures across the two semesters. The primary goal of the study was to determine the effects of two credit and self-recording
arrangements on initially low-responding students’ subsequent participation in class discussion (first semester n = 49, second semester n = 45). A higher percentage of low-responding students reported participating in class discussion when credit was given for
participation than when no credit was awarded. Nonetheless, 39% of the initially low-responding students the first semester
and 38% of the initially low-responding students the second semester did not participate in class discussion in any phase
of the study. 相似文献
944.
To determine whether children retain a preference for a previously accurate informant only in the short term or for long‐term use, 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children were tested in two experiments. In both experiments, children were given accuracy information about two informants and were subsequently tested for their selective trust in the two informants (Experiment 1: immediately, 1 day and 1 week later; Experiment 2: immediately, 4 days and 1 week later). Both age groups preferred to trust the accurate informant not only immediately after receiving accuracy information but also at subsequent time‐points. Children who were immediately able to explicitly identify the accurate informant were significantly more likely to seek and accept information from her 1 week later. However, even when they had not been asked to explicitly identify the accurate informant both age groups still maintained their preference for her. Thus, by 3 years of age, children spontaneously choose a previously accurate informant up to 1 week after exposure to information regarding her accuracy. 相似文献
945.
Michael D. Maraun Kathleen L. Slaney Stephanie M. Gabriel 《New Ideas in Psychology》2009,27(2):148-162
In his Investigations, Wittgenstein employed a quotation from Augustine to capture certain of the essential features of an incoherent conception of language that he believed was at root of many of the dominant theories of meaning of his day. It is argued in the current paper that this very same Augustinian conception of language (ACL) is the foundation of some of the most influential methodological orientations of present-day psychological science, and, as a result, these orientations suffer from a range of ACL-induced incoherences. This thesis is illustrated by way of a case study drawn from the construct validation literature. 相似文献
946.
The Symbolic Power of Money: Reminders of Money Alter Social Distress and Physical Pain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT— People often get what they want from the social system, and that process is aided by social popularity or by having money. Money can thus possibly substitute for social acceptance in conferring the ability to obtain benefits from the social system. Moreover, past work has suggested that responses to physical pain and social distress share common underlying mechanisms. Six studies tested relationships among reminders of money, social exclusion, and physical pain. Interpersonal rejection and physical pain caused desire for money to increase. Handling money (compared with handling paper) reduced distress over social exclusion and diminished the physical pain of immersion in hot water. Being reminded of having spent money, however, intensified both social distress and physical pain. 相似文献
947.
ABSTRACT— In two experiments, 3- and 4-year-olds were tested for their sensitivity to agreement and disagreement among informants. In pretest trials, they watched as three of four informants ( Experiment 1 ) or two of three informants ( Experiment 2 ) indicated the same referent for an unfamiliar label; the remaining informant was a lone dissenter who indicated a different referent. Asked for their own judgment, the preschoolers sided with the majority rather than the dissenter. In subsequent test trials, one member of the majority and the dissenter remained present and continued to provide conflicting information about the names of unfamiliar objects. Children remained mistrustful of the dissenter. They preferred to seek and endorse information from the informant who had belonged to the majority. The implications and scope of children's early sensitivity to group consensus are discussed. 相似文献
948.
Cognitive theories of obsessions highlight appraisals of personal significance and thought suppression in the development and maintenance of intrusive thoughts. The current study examined the role of personal significance within the context of a thought suppression paradigm. The primary aim was to examine whether suppression would have differential effects for target thoughts appraised as personally meaningful versus relatively unimportant. A blasphemous thought served as the target thought, and highly religious and nonreligious participants were recruited. Participants completed a two-interval thought suppression task; during interval 1 they were randomly assigned to suppress or not suppress the target thought and during interval 2, all participants were given “do not suppress” instructions. Suppression resulted in sustained frequency of thoughts in contrast to the decline in thought frequency observed for non-suppression. Differential effects of suppression were found across the two groups. Moreover, suppression was associated with increased negative mood and anxiety. Results suggest that suppression of personally meaningful thoughts is a counterproductive strategy. 相似文献
949.
A qualitative study using field-based methods examined motivations for participation in collegiate team sports, the psychological and emotional rewards of team membership, and the dynamics of relationships with teammates among male athletes. Previous cross-disciplinary research largely reinforces clear and consistent gender differences within communal and agentic domains. In-depth, oral bibliographic interviews with 11 varsity athletes from basketball and soccer teams were conducted at a university in the USA. Participants spoke freely about multiple dimensions of their experiences as athletes—experiences frequently dichotomized by researchers as masculine or feminine. Analyses document that male athletes rated the importance of interpersonal and emotional relationships with teammates as valuably as they did instrumental needs. Results are discussed in terms of cultural imperatives that polarize domains presumed to be highly gender based and sex-segregated. 相似文献
950.
Price MA Butow PN Lo SK Wilson J;Kathleen Cuningham Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):635-644
Some women at increased familial risk of breast cancer experience elevated levels of cancer-specific worry, which can possibly
act as a barrier to screening, and may be a significant factor in decisions regarding risk-reducing surgery. The aim of this
study was to comprehensively examine predictors of cancer-specific worry in high risk women and to test a model which proposes
that perceived breast cancer risk mediates the impact of other factors on worry. 1,437 unaffected women from high risk breast
cancer families completed questionnaires and interviews. Path analysis was used to test the model of potential predictors
of cancer worry, including familial, personal and psychological variables, mediated via perceived cancer risk. Levels of cancer-specific
worry were generally low despite an average perceived risk of 50.3%. The goodness-of-fit of the proposed model was poor, explaining
only 9% of the variance for perceived risk and 10% of the variance for cancer specific worry. An alternative model of a direct
relationship between all of the predictor variables and cancer worry, explained 24% of the variation in cancer worry. General
anxiety, perceived risk, the stressful impact of recent cancer related events, a relative risk greater than 10, being closer
in age to the youngest breast cancer diagnosis in family, and knowledge of personal mutation status, all independently contributed
to cancer worry. Addressing general affective responses, experiences of recent cancer related events, in addition to education
about personal risk, should be considered in counselling women with elevated cancer worry. Risk perception appears to act
independently of other factors in its formulation and impact on cancer worry. Further research on the way in which women come
to perceive their risk is indicated.
The kConFab Psychosocial Group are (in alphabetical order of institution): Brain and Mind Institute, University of Sydney,
Australia (I Hickie) Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia (K-A
Phillips) Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia (B Bennett, B Meiser, K Tucker) Department
of Oncology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (S-A MaLachlan) Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal North
Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia (C Tennant); Medical Psychology Research Unit, University of Sydney, Australia (P Butow,
M Price). 相似文献