Childhood tomboyism and adult androgyny

Female university and community college students (N =194) completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and a 12-item tomboyism index. Subjects were predominantly Euro-American (71%). A multiple regression analysis was used to test the prediction that androgyny and masculinity would significantly predict tomboyism scores. The proportion of variance in tomboyism accounted for by masculinity was significant, but once masculinity was entered, no additional predictive value was added by the entry of androgyny or femininity. Tomboyism was not related to the development of expressive qualities such as compassion and sensitivity to the needs of others. However, tomboyism was positively related to some desirable instrumental qualities such as assertiveness and self-reliance. Tomboyism was common and generally declined at puberty due to social pressure. To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at Department of Psychology & Human Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.The second and third authors were senior undergraduates at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo when this research was conducted.     

Eye movements as a window into real-time spoken language comprehension in natural contexts

When listeners follow spoken instructions to manipulate real objects, their eye movements to the objects are closely time locked to the referring words. We review five experiments showing that this time-locked characteristic of eye movements provides a detailed profile of the processes that underlie real-time spoken language comprehension. Together, the first four experiments showed that listerners immediately integrated lexical, sublexical, and prosodic information in the spoken input with information from the visual context to reduce the set of referents to the intended one. The fifth experiment demonstrated that a visual referential context affected the initial structuring of the linguistic input, eliminating even strong syntactic preferences that result in clear garden paths when the referential context is introduced linguistically. We argue that context affected the earliest moments of language processing because it was highly accessible and relevant to the behavioral goals of the listener.We thank D. Ballard and M. Hayhoe for the use of their laboratory (National Resource Laboratory for the Study of Brain and Behavior). We also thank J. Pelz for his assistance in learning how to use the equipment and K. Kobashi for assisting in the data collection. Finally, we thank Janet Nicol and an anonymous reviewer for their comments and suggestions. The research was supported by NIH resource grant 1-P41-RR09283; NIH HD27206 (M.K.T.); an NSF graduate fellowship (M.J.S.-K.); and a Canadian SSHRC fellowship (J.C.S.).     

Memories of a 'decision-map': Recall of a real-life decision

First-year students in college who had participated in a study of college-decision-making 8 to 20 months earlier were asked to recall the criteria they had used and the alternatives they had considered in making the decision. They were also asked to describe the criteria they thought, in retrospect, that they ought to have used, and to rate their satisfaction with the decision-making process and its outcome. Two hundred and seven of the original 322 participants responded to a follow-up questionnaire through the mail. Participants recalled about half of the criteria they originally reported using, and about two-thirds of the schools they originally reported considering. Their recall of criteria was affected by their current view of teh criteria they should have used, providing a replication for previous findings. No gender or academic ability effects were found. Somewhat surprisingly, given existing literature, recall was unaffected by emotional responses to the decision, either those reported during the decision-making process or those reported retrospectively. Overall, the pattern of results suggests that memory is affected by a decision-maker's current cognitive framework of the decision, specifically, their retrospective view of how they ought to have made the decision. Moreover, memory is far from perfect, even for stimuli that the decision-maker generated her- or himself, and to which presumably, they gave significant amounts of thought.     

The clinical psychologist as program consultant: When is enough enough?

One of the most influential roles clinical psychologists play in health care settings is as consultant to medical colleagues. The psychologist consultant typically approaches either clinical or programmatic questions intending to tap both empirical research and clinical judgment perspectives in trying to answer them. This paper describes a specific “program consultation case,” a not atypical consultation situation in which graduate medical education directors asked for advice about their residency training program. The purpose is to use this example to generate ideas and provoke discussion about such consultation processes and their usefulness in the health care training and service delivery world. The psychologist may be faced with questions that have meaningful implications beyond the specific consultation. What if the concerns being posed by this particular program are concerns which have been raised before, have been researched before, and have generated reasonable suggestions, conclusions, and strategies for improvement? And what if no one has paid attention, so that the questions are being raised again? When empirical and clinical data consistently combine to identify problems within health-related training or service delivery systems, and when suggestions or alternatives for their solutions have been presented and, also presumably, ignored, what does the clinical psychologist consultant do next?     

Adherence to the Super Woman ideal and eating disorder symptoms among college women

The degree to which three components of the Super Woman construct of femininity [C. Steiner-Adair (1986) “The Body Politic: Normal Female Adolescent Development and the Development of Eating Disorders” Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 14, pp. 95–114], valuing physical appearance, striving for success in multiple roles, and insecure parental attachment, are related to eating disorder symptoms was examined for a sample of 156 college women (84% white, 6% African American, 6% Asian, 3% Latina, 1% another race). Canonical analysis yielded three significant roots, suggesting a complex relationship between components of the Super Woman model and eating disorder symptoms. The first root supports the hypothesized relationship between the three components of the Super Woman model and eating disorder symptoms. The second root suggests that striving for success, when accompanied by a context of secure parental attachment, is positively associated with measures of social competence. The third root highlights the contribution of an emphasis on physical appearance to weight concern, dieting, and bulimic behavior.     

LISTENING TO SMOKING RESEARCHERS:

Abstract— The work of Baker and his colleagues indicates that a broadened view of withdrawal that recognizes its probable affective bases will suggest new treatment strategies for the treatment of smoking and, by extension, drug dependence. This commentary briefly reviews the current status of treating drug dependence by addressing negative affect and emphasizes that clinical research which allows for building more complex models, of individual change over time holds promise for clearer understanding of the role of negative affect among drug abusers and thus more effective treatments. Although clinical treatments for drug dependence have long recognized the significance of negative affect we are far from a thorough understanding of the role of negative affect in withdrawal, craving, and relapse to drug use.     

Experimental evaluation of rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: short-term effects on exercise endurance and health status

Randomly assigned 119 adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to an 8-week comprehensive rehabilitation program or to an 8-week education control program. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation included education, physical and respiratory therapy instruction, psychosocial support, and supervised exercise training; education control included biweekly classroom instruction and discussions on respiratory therapy, medical aspects of lung disease, clinical pharmacology, and diet, but no exercise training. Both groups received extensive physiological and psychosocial evaluation before and after the intervention. Six months after enrollment, patients randomly assigned to the rehabilitation program showed significant increases in exercise endurance, whereas patients randomly assigned to control program showed nonsignificant increases. Improvement in self-efficacy was correlated with improvements in exercise endurance.     

Distinguishing between social reinforcement and social elicitation

The theoretical, procedural, analytic, and interpretive components of Poulson's (1983, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 36, 471–489) study were considered in an effort to clarify the distinction between social reinforcement and social elicitation. Contrary to Poulson's contention, DRO was not, and cannot by definition be, a control for reinforcement. More importantly, the speciestypical, social nature of the infant probably reflects the collaborative influence of elicitation and reinforcement. By carefully unravelling these two interacting processes, future conditioning studies might specially enhance our knowledge of early social development.