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981.
In the present study, subjects studied lists of words across four experimental conditions: whether (or not) subjects received initial testing for these lists and whether (or not) they were made aware of an upcoming final free-recall test. Initial testing enhanced final-test performance; however, subjects benefited more from initial testing when they also knew they would need to remember the information for a later test. The data suggest that holding an expectation of the final test encouraged the continued processing of study materials following an initial test, affecting the accessibility of these materials at the time of final recall. The results clearly illustrate how an expectation of a cumulative test might influence long-term retention, which may have important implications for educational practice. 相似文献
982.
Using a multiple probe design across responses, we demonstrated the effectiveness of intensive intervention in establishing spontaneous verbal responses to 2 3-year-old children with autism with generalization to novel settings involving novel persons. Intervention involved discrete-trial instruction (i.e., repeated instructional opportunities presented in close proximity to high rates of reinforcement), specific prompts, and error correction. Spontaneous responses were defined as specific verbal utterances (e.g., the child says "bless you") following discriminative stimuli that did not involve explicit vocal directives (e.g., adult sneeze). The development of effective interventions to address the social-communicative needs of very young children with autism is discussed. 相似文献
983.
This study examined the nature and correlates of the behavioral characteristics of a nationally representative sample of 1612 toddlers 18-31 months of age entering Part C early intervention services in the U.S. Factor analysis of 15 items describing child behavior collected as part of an extensive telephone interview of parents yielded four dimensions of behavior: difficult behaviors, lack of persistence, distractible, and withdrawn. Demographic and personal characteristics of the child and family were found to be related to the four behavioral dimensions. Parent reports of behavior of toddlers with fair or poor health or those with communication difficulties were less positive for all behavioral dimensions, suggesting the development of toddler behavioral characteristics is influencing or being influenced by other facets of development. 相似文献
984.
Willingness to use microbicides varies by race/ethnicity, experience with prevention products, and partner type. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kathleen M Morrow Joseph L Fava Rochelle K Rosen Anna L Christensen Sara Vargas Candelaria Barroso 《Health psychology》2007,26(6):777-786
OBJECTIVE: To investigate women's willingness to use vaginal microbicides to reduce/prevent HIV infection, using measures grounded in the individual, behavioral, and social contexts of sex. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study that enrolled a sample (N = 531) of 18-55 year old Latina, African-American, and White women in the U.S. between October, 2004, and July, 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Willingness to use microbicides and individual- and context-related variables (e.g., demographics, relationship status). RESULTS: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a one-dimensional, 8-item scale, with high internal consistency (alpha = .91). Subgroup analyses within the Latina (n = 166), African- American (n = 193), and White sub-samples (n = 172) also supported a unidimensional scale with strong internal validity and high reliability. Race/ethnicity as a contextual factor, a woman's history of using prevention products, and the nature of the sexual partnership were predictive of willingness to use microbicides (R = .41). That is, women with greater frequencies of condom use, a history of spermicide use, and non-main sexual partners had higher predicted Willingness to Use Microbicides scale scores, while White women had lower predicted scores. CONCLUSION: The Willingness to Use Microbicides scale serves as the first psychometrically validated measure of factors related to microbicide acceptability. Developing and implementing psychometrically validated and contextualized microbicide acceptability measures, in an effort to understand microbicide users and circumstances of use, is crucial to both clinical trials and future intervention studies. 相似文献
985.
Price MA Butow PN Lo SK Wilson J;Kathleen Cuningham Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):635-644
Some women at increased familial risk of breast cancer experience elevated levels of cancer-specific worry, which can possibly
act as a barrier to screening, and may be a significant factor in decisions regarding risk-reducing surgery. The aim of this
study was to comprehensively examine predictors of cancer-specific worry in high risk women and to test a model which proposes
that perceived breast cancer risk mediates the impact of other factors on worry. 1,437 unaffected women from high risk breast
cancer families completed questionnaires and interviews. Path analysis was used to test the model of potential predictors
of cancer worry, including familial, personal and psychological variables, mediated via perceived cancer risk. Levels of cancer-specific
worry were generally low despite an average perceived risk of 50.3%. The goodness-of-fit of the proposed model was poor, explaining
only 9% of the variance for perceived risk and 10% of the variance for cancer specific worry. An alternative model of a direct
relationship between all of the predictor variables and cancer worry, explained 24% of the variation in cancer worry. General
anxiety, perceived risk, the stressful impact of recent cancer related events, a relative risk greater than 10, being closer
in age to the youngest breast cancer diagnosis in family, and knowledge of personal mutation status, all independently contributed
to cancer worry. Addressing general affective responses, experiences of recent cancer related events, in addition to education
about personal risk, should be considered in counselling women with elevated cancer worry. Risk perception appears to act
independently of other factors in its formulation and impact on cancer worry. Further research on the way in which women come
to perceive their risk is indicated.
The kConFab Psychosocial Group are (in alphabetical order of institution): Brain and Mind Institute, University of Sydney,
Australia (I Hickie) Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia (K-A
Phillips) Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia (B Bennett, B Meiser, K Tucker) Department
of Oncology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (S-A MaLachlan) Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal North
Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia (C Tennant); Medical Psychology Research Unit, University of Sydney, Australia (P Butow,
M Price). 相似文献
986.
987.
Turnbull AP Summers JA Lee SH Kyzar K 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2007,13(4):346-356
The purpose of this review is to (a) document the current status of conceptualizing and measuring family outcomes related to having a member with an intellectual disability and (b) determine the extent to which family research focuses on internal family characteristics as contrasted to external family support. The reviewers collected 28 articles using the terms well-being, adaptation, family functioning, or family quality of life in the title. Results of our analyses are presented as a comparison between well-being, adaptation, and family functioning articles in one group and family quality of life articles in a second group. Both groups lacked explicit conceptual definitions, theory, and random/representative samples. The articles placed an undue emphasis on maternal participation, and tended to report a single family member score as representative of the whole family. Two major differences between the groups was a tendency for family quality of life studies to be grounded in conceptual frameworks and focus on new instrument development. Recommendations for future research directions are included. 相似文献
988.
Kathleen I. Harris 《International Journal of Children's Spirituality》2007,12(3):263-275
What is meant by spirituality in relation to a young child? Palmer (2003) asserted that spirituality is an elusive word with a variety of definitions—some compelling, some witty, some downright dangerous. The spirituality of a young child involves actively living by being connected to a natural source within the moral universe and affectively belonging with relationships that are interconnected within a child’s culture and community. Children’s spirituality is transformational by inspiring others and directive by facilitating and encouraging peers by connecting with others within a classroom community. This paper discusses a re‐conceptualization of children’s spirituality through autobiographical experiences and self‐reflection that embrace early childhood relationships and involve interconnected transformational and directive spiritual experiences. These spiritual experiences build trustful, moral, relational learning moments in an early childhood classroom with peers. 相似文献
989.
A model of bar victimization is proposed that explores the relationships among a woman's exposure to the bar environment (i.e., frequency of going to bars), her intoxication in that setting (i.e., usual number of drinks), and such individual difference factors as her previous history of victimization (childhood sexual abuse, lifetime violence, and previous partner abuse) and personality characteristics (depression, social anxiety, sensation seeking, and hostility). Earlier findings from work in this area suggest that exposure to the bar environment increases a woman's risk for more severe aggression. The data being used to test the proposed model are from a survey of 198 women bar drinkers in western New York State. These women described bar‐related victimization that ranged from verbal aggression (e.g., threats) through severe physical and sexual violence (e.g., assault and rape). Younger age, history of victimization, greater negative affect, and more frequent drinking in bars were predictive of more severe bar‐related victimization during the past year. These findings are discussed in terms of women's risk for victimization in bars and needed areas of future research. Aggr. Behav. 25:349–364, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
990.
Kathleen M. Heide 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1997,15(2):203-220
Juvenile homicide remains a serious problem in the U.S., despite recent decreases in the juvenile arresr rate for murder. Reflecting on her clinical experiences evaluating 90 adolescent murderers, the author identifies 15 factors that appear to have contributed to the escalation in juvenile homicide beginning in the mid-198os. These factors can be grouped into five categories: situational factors (child abuse and neglect, and the absence of positive male role models), societal influences (the crisis in leadership and lack of heroes, and witnessing violence), resource availability (access to guns, involvement in alcohol and drugs, and poverty and lack of resources), personality characteristics (low self-esteem, the inability to deal with strong feelings, boredom, poor judgement, and prejuduce and hatred), and their cumulative effects (little or nothing to lose and the biological connection). Strategies to reduce juvenile violence are addressing using parents, schools, communities, government leaders, the media and individuals. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献