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961.
This study used 3 generations and 21 years of prospective data to test models of intergenerational transmission of substance use and substance use risk. Thus, the study extends prior studies in the field that have focused predominantly on substance abuse. The association between the grandparental generation's (G1 mother and father) and the parental generation's (G2 father) alcohol use and illicit drug use was hypothesized to be mediated by G2's poor inhibitory control. Additionally, G1's poor discipline of G2 was hypothesized to be directly associated with G2's substance use as well as to partially mediate the association between G1's substance use and G2's inhibitory control. In turn, G2's substance use in late adolescence was expected to be associated with its offspring's (G3) poor inhibitory control at age 3 years. Findings partially supported the predictions and varied by substance. For alcohol use, only cross-generational associations in use were found. For illicit drugs, both poor inhibitory control and poor discipline played some mediational role in cross-generational use. 相似文献
962.
Shawn E Christ Asif Moinuddin Robert C McKinstry Michael DeBaun Desirée A White 《Child neuropsychology》2007,13(2):132-141
Evidence from past studies indicates that children with traumatic brain injury experience difficulties with inhibitory control. Less is known about inhibitory control in children with frontal brain injury related to cerebral infarction. We compared the inhibitory performance of children with frontal infarcts related to sickle cell disease with that of a control group of children with sickle cell disease but no history of cerebral infarction. On a stimulus-response reversal task, children with frontal infarcts made significantly more accuracy errors in the inhibitory condition than controls. Findings from this study and from previous research suggest that impairments in inhibitory control are common following frontal injury in a range of pediatric populations. 相似文献
963.
964.
Paul D. Kieffaber George A. Marcoulides Margaret H. White Douglas E. Harrington 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(3):206-218
Neuropsychologists are increasingly asked to make judgments regarding treatment options and rehabilitation strategies in addition
to evaluating the degree and scope of neuropsychological impairment following acquired brain injuries. The capacity to make
informed clinical decisions relies upon research investigating the relationships between neuropsychological and psychosocial
status (i.e., ecological validity). Unfortunately, much of this research employs exploratory analyses, an approach that can
lead to theoretical ambiguity and ad-hoc interpretations. The current availability and accessibility of analytical tools,
like structural equation modeling (SEM), however, permits the testing of specific hypotheses regarding ecological validity
and promotes a-priori theory development. In the current study, a theory-driven model of the ecological validity of a neurocognitive
assessment was tested against data obtained from individuals with acquired brain injury using SEM. The results provide confirmatory
evidence for the ecological validity of neurocognitive constructs and empirical support for a theory-driven analytical approach
to ecological validity research. 相似文献
965.
Although recent evidence implicates the importance of the family for understanding depressive disorders during adolescence,
we still lack a coherent framework for understanding the way in which the myriad of developmental changes occurring within
early adolescents and their family environments actually operate to increase adolescents’ vulnerability to, or to protect
them from, the development of depressive disorders. In this review we propose a framework that places the mechanisms and processes
of emotion regulation at the centre of these questions. We argue that emotion regulation can provide an organising rubric
under which the role of various factors, such as adolescent and parent temperament and emotion regulation, and parental socialization
of child emotion, as well as the interaction amongst these factors, can be understood to account for the role of the family
in adolescents’ risk for depression. In particular, we posit that adolescent emotion regulation functions as a mechanism through
which temperament and family processes interact to increase vulnerability to developing depression. 相似文献
966.
A modified CES-D was administered to a community sample of 176 European Americans (EA), 209 Native Hawaiians (NH), and 357 Japanese Americans (JA), yielding measures of depression, positive affect, depressed affect, somatic disturbance, and disturbed interpersonal relations. Positive affect was lower in JA relative to EA, consistent with findings among Native Japanese, a pattern attributed to cultural variation in emotion regulation. NH reported lower positive affect than EA, accompanied by elevated negative affect and somatic disturbance, suggesting generally higher levels of depressive symptoms. The three ethnic groups varied in mental health care usage with differing associations between depressive symptoms and experiences of stressful life events. Taken together, these results suggest ethnic variation in depressive symptoms may arise from differing cultural beliefs. 相似文献
967.
Sallet J Quilodran R Rothé M Vezoli J Joseph JP Procyk E 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):327-336
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) participates in evaluating actions and outcomes. Little is known on how action-reward
values are processed in ACC and if the context in which actions are performed influences this processing. In the present article,
we report ACC unit activity of monkeys performing two tasks. The first task tested whether the encoding of reward values is
context dependent—that is, dependent on the size of the other rewards that are available in the current block of trials. The
second task tested whether unexpected events signaling a change in reward are represented. We show that the context created
by a block design (i.e., the context of possible alternative rewards) influences the encoding of reward values, even if no
decision or choice is required. ACC activity encodes the relative and not absolute expected reward values. Moreover, cingulate
activity signals and evaluates when reward expectations are violated by unexpected stimuli, indicating reward gains or losses. 相似文献
968.
Paterson KB Liversedge SP Filik R Juhasz BJ White SJ Rayner K 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2007,60(10):1423-1445
Three eye movement experiments investigated focus identification during sentence comprehension. Participants read dative or double-object sentences (i.e., either the direct or indirect object occurred first), and a replacive continuation supplied a contrast that was congruous with either the direct or the indirect object. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated focus by locating only adjacent to either the direct or indirect object of dative (Experiment 1) or double-object (Experiment 2) sentences. Reading-time effects indicated that the surface position of the focus particle influenced processing. In addition, Experiment 1 reading times were longer when the replacive was incongruous with the constituent that only adjoined, and particle position modulated a similar effect in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 showed that this effect was absent when only was omitted. We conclude that the surface position of a focus particle modulates focus identification during on-line sentence comprehension. 相似文献
969.
970.
Eye movements were monitored as participants followed spoken instructions to manipulate one of four objects pictured on a computer screen. Target words occurred in utterance-medial (e.g., Put the cap next to the square) or utterance-final position (e.g., Now click on the cap). Displays consisted of the target picture (e.g., a cap), a monosyllabic competitor picture (e.g., a cat), a polysyllabic competitor picture (e.g., a captain) and a distractor (e.g., a beaker). The relative proportion of fixations to the two types of competitor pictures changed as a function of the position of the target word in the utterance, demonstrating that lexical competition is modulated by prosodically conditioned phonetic variation. 相似文献