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991.
Rawson KA Dunlosky J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(1):69-80
In 4 experiments, the authors evaluated the hypothesis that performance predictions for text are based on ease of processing. In each experiment, participants read texts, predicted their performance for each one, and then were tested. Ease of processing was manipulated by having participants read texts that varied in coherence. Coherence was varied by manipulating causal relatedness across sentence pairs (Experiments 1 and 2) and by altering the structure of sentences within paragraphs (Experiment 3). In these experiments, prediction magnitudes increased as coherence increased, suggesting that predictions were based on processing ease. In Experiment 4, prediction magnitudes were greater for intact paragraphs than for paragraphs with letters deleted from some of the words. Discussion focuses on resolving apparent inconsistencies in the literature concerning whether processing ease influences performance predictions. 相似文献
992.
Childhood Temperament and Family Environment as Predictors of Internalizing and Externalizing Trajectories From Ages 5 to 17 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Childhood temperament and family environment have been shown to predict internalizing and externalizing behavior; however,
less is known about how temperament and family environment interact to predict changes in problem behavior. We conducted latent
growth curve modeling on a sample assessed at ages 5, 7, 10, 14, and 17 (N = 337). Externalizing behavior decreased over time for both sexes, and internalizing behavior increased over time for girls
only. Two childhood variables (fear/shyness and maternal depression) predicted boys' and girls' age-17 internalizing behavior,
harsh discipline uniquely predicted boys' age-17 internalizing behavior, and maternal depression and lower family income uniquely
predicted increases in girls' internalizing behavior. For externalizing behavior, an array of temperament, family environment,
and Temperament × Family Environment variables predicted age-17 behavior for both sexes. Sex differences were present in the
prediction of externalizing slopes, with maternal depression predicting increases in boys' externalizing behavior only when
impulsivity was low, and harsh discipline predicting increases in girls' externalizing behavior only when impulsivity was
high or when fear/shyness was low. 相似文献
993.
This study addresses continuing controversies concerning the nature of semantic impairment in early dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), and the relationship between conceptual knowledge and picture naming. A series of analyses of fine-grained feature knowledge data show that: (1) distinctive features of concepts were more vulnerable than shared; (2) the amount of attribute knowledge about a concept was associated reliably, and in a graded fashion, with the ability to name a picture of that item; (3) sensory features were differentially important in naming; and (4) the degree of disruption to different types of attribute knowledge did not vary between items from living and nonliving domains. These findings are discussed in the context of contemporary cognitive and computational models of semantic memory organisation. 相似文献
994.
Knäuper B Kornik R Atkinson K Guberman C Aydin C 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2005,31(11):1511-1523
Past research has shown that people typically underestimate the cumulative risk of events. This effect has mainly been interpreted as resulting from the use of cognitive heuristics and judgment strategies, such as availability or anchoring and adjustment. The authors suggest that motivational processes can be an additional force in the generation of cumulative risk estimates. Using an experimental design, Study 1 shows that people underestimate the cumulative risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases of appealing prospective sexual partners by using risk-irrelevant information for their judgment. Using a correlational design, Study 2 demonstrates that people underestimate the cumulative risk of being infected with a sexually transmitted disease and that commitment to the present partner is directly related to a low cumulative risk estimate as well as indirectly through its effect on the perceived risk of the present partner. Together, the two studies demonstrate that motivation influences the underestimation of cumulative risk. 相似文献
995.
In the present prospective study of 81 older volunteers from a nonprofit organization in Australia, the authors compared the predictive utility of I. Ajzen's (1988) theory of planned behavior with that of E. G. Clary and M. Snyder's (1991) functional approach to volunteering. The authors mailed questionnaires to 385 volunteers in two waves of data collection. The first wave measured theory-of-planned-behavior variables and functional-approach variables. The second wave measured self-reported volunteering behavior for the previous month. Regression analyses supported both the theory of planned behavior and the functional approach; the theory of planned behavior accounted for a significantly larger proportion of variance in above-average participation in self-reported volunteerism. The findings of the present study provided some support for both the theory of planned behavior and the functional approach as models of self-reported volunteerism. 相似文献
996.
997.
Newell KM Broderick MP Deutsch KM Slifkin AB 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2003,29(2):379-387
In this article, the authors examined the hypothesis that the direction of the change (increase or decrease) in the dynamical degrees of freedom (dimension) regulated as a function of motor learning is task-dependent. Adult participants learned 1 of 2 isometric force-production tasks (Experiment 1: constant force output; Experiment 2: sinusoidal force output) over 5 days of practice and a 6th day with augmented information withdrawal. The results showed that over practice, the task goal induced either an increase (Experiment 1) or a decrease (Experiment 2) in the dimension of force output as performance error was reduced. These findings support the proposition that the observed increase or decrease in dimension with learning is dependent on both the intrinsic dynamics of the system and the short-term change required to realize the task goal. 相似文献
998.
Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been found to be hyperactive at rest, during symptom provocation, and after commission of errors in cognitive tasks. This hyperactivity might reflect an abnormality in conflict detection, a hypothesized basic mechanism for the action-monitoring function of the ACC. This hypothesis was tested using functional magnetic resonance imaging, by scanning 11 OCD patients and 13 matched control subjects while they performed a version of the continuous-performance task with four trial types that induced graded levels of response conflict. Although a behavioral index of conflict (i.e., accuracy) was similar for patients and control subjects, the ACC activation was increased in patients during high-conflict trials. The error-related activity in the same brain region was also higher in patients, consistent with previous electrophysiological findings. Both conflict- and error-related activity showed trends for positive correlations with severity of OCD symptoms, but not with anxiety. These findings suggest that as part of an overactive action-monitoring system, the ACC is more directly involved in the pathophysiology of OCD than previously thought. 相似文献
999.
Wardens and administrators of 77 women's correctional facilities were mailed a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial and service needs of incarcerated female inmates nationally. 35 completed surveys were returned. Representativeness of the sample is discussed. Analysis identified attitudes about recent correctional trends perceived by wardens, including concerns about child care while incarcerated. 相似文献
1000.
Kappel Sarah Ramirez Montes De Oca Marco A. Collins Sarah Herborn Katherine Mendl Michael Fureix Carole 《Animal cognition》2023,26(4):1147-1159
Animal Cognition - The use of 2-dimensional representations (e.g. photographs or digital images) of real-life physical objects has been an important tool in studies of animal cognition. Horses are... 相似文献