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951.
The present study used two cognitive tasks--a text comprehension task and a homophone task--to investigate whether clinically depressed individuals have a negative bias when interpreting ambiguous information. Previous research indicates that both tasks are sensitive to anxiety-related interpretive biases, and that the former is less prone to response bias effects. Negative memory biases were also assessed. Results showed that, compared with normal controls, depressed individuals made more negative interpretations on the homophone task, and they also showed an enhanced negative recall bias. However, the groups did not differ in interpretative bias on the text comprehension task. Possible explanations of the results are discussed, including the potential influences of self-referent processing and response bias. 相似文献
952.
Marmarosh CL Franz VA Koloi M Majors RC Rahimi AM Ronquillo JG Somberg RJ Swope JS Zimmer K 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2006,56(3):325-338
A large body of literature has supported the application of attachment theory to the understanding of psychotherapy. In addition, a more recent social psychological literature is exploring the application of attachment theory to the area of group dynamics and group process. The current study is designed to integrate these two distinct bodies of literature. In a preliminary fashion, we examined the relationship between group therapists' group attachment styles and their assumptions and expectations of their patients' attitudes about group psychotherapy. Seventy-six therapists completed the Smith, Murphy & Coats (1999) measure of group attachment style. They also completed the Revised Group Therapy Survey (Carter, Mitchell, & Krautheim, 2001) from the viewpoint of a typical patient they treat. As hypothesized, therapists with more group attachment anxiety assumed that patients would hold more negative myths and misconceptions about group treatment than therapists with less group attachment anxiety. The utility of a group attachment construct in future research and practice is discussed. 相似文献
953.
Many environmental problems are resource dilemmas that contain two components-social and temporal-that encourage individuals not to act in the best interest of the group. Most research has focused on the social component. The authors examined the importance of the temporal component in two resource dilemma tasks. Participants (N = 112) reported their willingness to limit resource consumption in response to hypothetical dilemmas and forfeited extra credit points in response to a real dilemma. Cooperation rates were higher when the temporal dilemma was diminished, when uncertainty about environmental impacts was low, and for women. Individuals high in both proenvironmentalism and consideration of future consequences sustained high levels of cooperation even in the face of strong temporal dilemmas. 相似文献
954.
Tremblay S Parmentier FB Guérard K Nicholls AP Jones DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2006,32(5):1208-1215
In 2 experiments, the authors tested whether the classical modality effect-that is, the stronger recency effect for auditory items relative to visual items-can be extended to the spatial domain. An order reconstruction task was undertaken with four types of material: visual-spatial, auditory-spatial, visual-verbal, and auditory-verbal. Similar serial position curves were obtained regardless of the nature of the to-be-remembered sequences, with the exception that a modality effect was found with spatial as well as with verbal materials. The results are discussed with regard to a number of models of short-term memory. 相似文献
955.
Schneider KA Chittenden AB Branda KJ Keenan MA Joffe S Patenaude AF Reynolds H Dent K Eubanks S Goldman J Leroy B Warren NS Taylor K Vockley CW Garber JE 《Journal of genetic counseling》2006,15(6):491-503
This article presents and discusses four clinical cases that exemplify the complexity of ethical dilemmas concerning the provider's obligation to disclose or withhold genetic information from patients. Case 1: What is the responsibility of the cancer genetics provider to ensure that a positive test results is shared with distant relatives? Case 2: To ensure that results go to at-risk relatives, do we have the right to ignore the wishes of the designated next-of-kin? Case 3: Do we have the right to reveal a familial BRCA1 mutation to a patient's relative, who is at 50% risk? Case 4: Do we have an obligation to reveal that a patient is not a blood relative and therefore, not at risk to have inherited a familial mutation? These cases form the basis for discussing the provider's dual obligations to keeping patient confidentiality and informing patients and families about risk (i.e. duty to warn). We also provide a summary of consensus points and additional discussion questions for each case. 相似文献
956.
This study evaluated factors related to the perceptual disturbances of body image. Using a digital body image computer program, 191 participants (107 women, 82 men) adjusted an image of their body to the perceived actual size at five body regions; chest, waist, hips, thighs and calves. A neutral object (a vase) was also adjusted to partial out the level of perceptual distortion present with a neutral object. Men and women overestimated the size of the neutral object and their body image. Among women, overestimation was primarily predicted by high levels of depression, and media and peer influences to be thinner and increase muscles. Among men, overestimation was predicted by high BMI, media influences to lose weight and increase muscles, and peer influences to increase muscles. These findings suggest that perceptual accuracy of body image is primarily predicted by biopsychosocial influences. 相似文献
957.
Brookman-Frazee L Stahmer A Baker-Ericzén MJ Tsai K 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2006,9(3-4):181-200
Empirical support exists for parent training/education (PT/PE) interventions for children with disruptive behavior disorders
(DBD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). While the models share common roots, current approaches have largely developed
independently and the research findings have been disseminated in two different literature traditions: mental health and developmental
disabilities. Given that these populations often have overlapping clinical needs and are likely to receive services in similar
settings, efforts to integrate the knowledge gained in the disparate literature may be beneficial. This article provides a
systematic overview of the current (1995–2005) empirical research on PT/PE for children with DBD and ASD; attending to factors
for cross-fertilization. Twenty-two ASD and 38 DBD studies were coded for review. Literature was compared in three main areas:
(1) research methodology, (2) focus of PT/PE intervention, and (3) PT/PE procedures. There was no overlap in publication outlets
between the studies for the two populations. Results indicate that there are opportunities for cross-fertilization in the
areas of (1) research methodology, (2) intervention targets, and (3) format of parenting interventions. The practical implications
of integrating these two highly related areas of research are identified and discussed. 相似文献
958.
There are over 800 seventh to tenth grade students at the College d’Enseignment Generale (CEG) School in Azové, Benin. Like most children in the developing world, these students lack access to clean water and basic sanitation facilities. These students suffer from parasitic infection and health ailments which could be directly offset with short term aid to supply water and medical aid. Promoting proper sanitation and providing the technology to implement water and wastewater treatment in the community will decrease childhood and maternal disease and mortality rates in Azové. However, these measures may take several years to implement and will require a significant investment in the infrastructure of the school. Is it ethical to spend $10,000 towards the long-term goals of providing water and sanitation to the students of CEG Azové, compared to spending the same amount on short-term relief efforts? This paper addresses the ethical dilemma of dealing with immediate medical needs in developing countries while trying to implement sustainable technologies. The views and frustration of students working on the project are discussed, as they realize the monetary and short-term impacts on human health when implementing sustainable technologies. The opportunity costs associated with the education principles of sustainable development were also considered. The anticipated costs and health impacts in the short-term and long-term will be evaluated for a period of 1, 2, 5 and 10 years. 相似文献
959.
Most birds rely on imprinting and experience with conspecifics to learn species-specific recognition cues. Australian brush-turkeys
(Alectura lathami) do not imprint and form no bonds with parents. They hatch asynchronously, disperse widely and meet juvenile conspecifics
at an unpredictable age. Nevertheless, in captivity, hatchlings respond to other chicks. A recent study, which involved the
use of robotic models, found that chicks prefer to approach robots that emit specific visual cues. Here, we evaluated their
response to acoustic cues, which usually play an important role in avian social cognition. However, in simultaneous choice
tests, neither 2-day-old nor 9-day-old chicks preferred the choice arm with playback of either chick or adult conspecific
calls over the arm containing a silent loudspeaker. Chicks of both age classes, however, scanned their surroundings more during
chick playback, and the response was thus consistent in younger and older chicks. We also presented the chicks with robotic
models, either with or without playback of chick calls. They did not approach the calling robot more than they did the silent
robot, indicating that the combination of visual and acoustic cues does not evoke a stronger response. These results will
allow further comparison with species that face similar cognitive demands in the wild, such as brood parasites. Such a comparative
approach, which is the focus of cognitive ecology, will enable us to further analyse the evolution and adaptive value of species
recognition abilities. 相似文献
960.
Self-reported reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury were examined using the Parasuicide History Interview within a sample of chronically suicidal women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder (N = 75). Overall, reasons given for suicide attempts differed from reasons for nonsuicidal self-injury. Nonsuicidal acts were more often reported as intended to express anger, punish oneself, generate normal feelings, and distract oneself, whereas suicide attempts were more often reported as intended to make others better off. Almost all participants reported that both types of parasuicide were intended to relieve negative emotions. It is likely that suicidal and nonsuicidal parasuicide have multiple intents and functions. 相似文献