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991.
Many developing countries have allocated significant amounts of funding for nanoscience and nanotechnology research, yet compared
to developed countries, there has been little study, discussion, or debate over social and ethical issues. Using in-depth
interviews, this study focuses on the perceptions of practitioners, that is, scientists and engineers, in one developing country:
India. The disciplinary background, departmental affiliation, types of institutions, age, and sex of the practitioners varied
but did not appear to affect their responses. The results show that 95% of the Indian practitioners working in the area of
nanoscience and nanotechnology research recognized ethical issues in this research area, and 60% of them could offer specific
examples, which included possible ill effects on environment and human, use as a weapon, hype, professional ethics, laboratory
testing on animals, cyborgs, widening the gap between rich and poor, self-replication, and longevity of human life. The results
may offer opportunities for future cross-cultural research, as well as offer examples that can be used to raise the awareness
of other practitioners in India and elsewhere regarding the importance of ethical issues. 相似文献
992.
Three studies examined whether cultural background and self-construal predict affective reactions to successful and unsuccessful others. Asian-Canadians and those with more interdependent self-construals had less positive affective reactions to an unsuccessful than a successful other, and less positive affective reactions to an unsuccessful other than did European-Canadians and those with less interdependent self-construals (Study 1). Priming self-construal in a sample of European-Canadians mimicked these cultural differences (Study 2), and this priming effect was moderated by cultural background (Study 3). Asian-Canadians primed with interdependence (but not independence) had less positive affective reactions to an unsuccessful than a successful target, whereas European-Canadians primed with independence (but not interdependence) had more positive affective reactions to an unsuccessful than a successful target. 相似文献
993.
Jeffrey N. Weatherly Jeri T. Nurnberger David P. Austin Carol L. Wright 《Learning and motivation》2006,37(4):379-390
Research has suggested that rats increase their response rate for a low-valued reinforcer when a high-valued reinforcer will soon be available (i.e., positive induction) because the value of the low-valued substance has increased. The present study tested if such a procedure could be used to increase rats’ responding for a non-reinforcing food. Rats pressed a lever for unsweetened lemon juice in the first half of a 50-min session and, in treatment conditions, for food pellets in the second half. Experiment 1 demonstrated that rates of responding for the lemon juice generally varied directly with the upcoming rate of food-pellet reinforcement and that responding in lemon juice-only sessions did not differ significantly from that observed during extinction. Experiment 2 demonstrated that rats consumed more lemon juice following a condition in which they were displaying positive induction than following a condition in which they only responded for lemon juice. The present results are consistent with the increase in value account of positive induction. More importantly, they may indicate that certain environmental conditions can increase food-directed behavior for a non-reinforcing food, a finding which may have implications for our understanding of eating behavior and dysfunctions (e.g., overeating). 相似文献
994.
995.
This longitudinal study investigates whether developmental changes following 360 degree feedback are predicted by the favourability of ratings received, and moderated by focal individuals' self‐efficacy and perceived importance of feedback. Five developmental criteria are investigated longitudinally: (i) self‐assessments, (ii) line managers' ratings, (iii) amount of developmental activity, (iv) global self‐efficacy and (iv) self‐efficacy for development. Feedback ratings from certain rater groups predicted changes in ratings, but not changes in self‐efficacy or amount of developmental activity. Self‐efficacy significantly moderated the feedback–performance association for certain rater groups, but feedback importance did not. Contrary to expectations, the focal individual's initial self‐assessment predicted changes in self‐efficacy, over the favourability of ratings received. The implications of these findings for organizations using 360 degree feedback for developmental purposes are discussed. 相似文献
996.
The current research explores the effects of dissociative reference groups on consumer preferences. Males had more negative evaluations of, and were less inclined to choose, a product associated with a dissociative (i.e., female) reference group than a neutral product (Study 1). This finding was moderated by whether the product was consumed in public or private (Study 2) and public self‐consciousness (Study 3). We suggest the mechanism underlying our effects is a desire to present a positive self‐image to others. The role of dissociative reference groups in marketing communications is discussed. 相似文献
997.
Terry A. Beehr Katherine M. Glaser Matthew J. Beehr Dana E. Beehr Dee A. Wallwey Dmitry Erofeev Kristophor G. Canali 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(6):1523-1547
Two studies examined supervisors' satisfaction with subordinates, and its predictors and importance to supervisors. Study 1 found entity relationships in the form of similarity between supervisors' and subordinates' values were uniquely related to satisfaction with subordinates. Liking of subordinates (from LMX theory) appears to link leadership and job-satisfaction domains. In Study 2, entity relationships, functional relationships, and job performance of subordinates were related to supervisors' satisfaction with subordinates. Functional relationships were the strongest and job performance the next strongest predictors. Performance was related moderately to similarity of supervisors' and subordinates' values and functional relationships. Satisfaction with subordinates was not related to supervisors' global satisfaction and turnover intention in either study, suggesting that subordinates may not be very important to supervisors. 相似文献
998.
Why Do People Engage in Collective Action? Revisiting the Role of Perceived Effectiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthew J. Hornsey Leda Blackwood Winnifred Louis Kelly Fielding Ken Mavor Thomas Morton Anne O'Brien Karl-Erik Paasonen Joanne Smith Katherine M. White 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(7):1701-1722
Research has shown limited support for the notion that perceived effectiveness of collective action is a predictor of intentions to engage in collective action. One reason may be that effectiveness has been in terms of whether the action will influence key decision makers. We argue that the effectiveness of collective action might be judged by other criteria, such as whether it influences third parties, builds an oppositional movement, and expresses values. Two hundred and thirty one attendees at a rally rated the effectiveness of the rally and their intentions to engage in future collective action. For those participants who were not members of an organization, intentions were linked to the perceived effectiveness of the rally in expressing values and influencing the public. For those who were members of an organization, intentions were linked only to the effectiveness of the rally in building an oppositional movement. 相似文献
999.
Successive relearning improves performance on a high-stakes exam in a difficult biopsychology course
Jessica L. Janes John Dunlosky Katherine A. Rawson Aaron Jasnow 《Applied cognitive psychology》2020,34(5):1118-1132
Successive relearning combines two effective learning techniques (retrieval practice and spaced practice) and involves practicing retrieval until some level of mastery has been reached (i.e., at least one correct retrieval attempt) in each of multiple sessions. Several laboratory studies have demonstrated the promise of successive relearning for enhancing student learning, but attempts to evaluate its effectiveness in authentic educational contexts are limited. In the current research, we implemented successive relearning in a difficult biopsychology course to examine its effectiveness at enhancing student learning on a high-stakes exam. Students successively relearned some course content via a virtual flashcard program, whereas other course content was learned with business-as-usual activities. In two experiments, successive relearning boosted students' learning of course content by at least 10% (with ds ranging from 0.54 to 1.10). These findings suggest that implementing successive relearning in courses can be an effective method of promoting student achievement. 相似文献
1000.
An apparatus and method successful in producing free operant behavior in a Great Homed Owl are described. Key pecking responses were reinforced with balls of ground beef. Some sample data are shown. 相似文献