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721.
We expand on earlier work documenting developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior towards serious forms of delinquency in boys. Three pathways we hypothesized in our previous work: (a) An Authority Conflict Pathway prior to the age of 12, that starts with stubborn behavior, and has defiance as a second stage, and authority avoidance as a third stage; (b) A Covert Pathway that starts with minor convert acts, has property damage as a second stage, and moderate to serious delinquency as a third stage; and (c) An Overt Pathway that starts with minor aggression, has physical fighting as a second stage, and violence as a third stage. We now refine this work by distinguishing between boys who experiment and those who persist in disruptive behavior. Data are presented showing that the fit for the three pathways is better for persisters than for experimenters. Also, the proportion of persisters that enter each pathway at the first stage (rather than at later stages) is higher than that for experimenters. Penetration in each pathway was more common among boys who received a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. Boys' rate of offending increased with penetration into pathways and with persistence on more than one pathway. Boys' persistence and advancement in the Overt or the Covert Pathway was almost invariably accompanied by their advancement in the Authority Conflict Pathway. The classification of boys according to persistence and pathways accounted for the majority of high rate offenders, according to both self-report and court adjudicated offenses. 相似文献
722.
The sequential flanker task was developed to study sequential performance using methodology borrowed from studies of task switching. We investigated age differences in backward inhibition [BI: Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000). Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4-26] during a sequential category search task. Participants learned four animal categories in a fixed order, and then searched for exemplars from those categories in runs of mis-ordered exemplars. Across three experiments, we observed robust BI facilitation effects. However, the magnitude of BI effects did not differ across age groups. This age-invariance held despite manipulations of distractibility (Experiment 2), and interstimulus interval (Experiment 3), suggesting that BI processes may be relatively automatic and obligatory in the context of sequential tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of the attentional mechanisms that underlie task set switching and sequential performance. 相似文献
723.
Dr Nancy A. Pachana Ph.D. FAPS Kate V. Sofronoff Mia O'Brien 《Australian psychologist》2008,43(4):219-221
Abstract: Clinical psychology, like many applied disciplines, often suffers from a lack of congruence between best‐practice in terms of pedagogy and evidence‐based practice and the actual structure and content of training programs. A small but growing international literature addresses such issues. A small group of researchers from five Australian Universities, led by a team at the University of Queensland, has received grant money over two years to examine and offer constructive strategies for revising and revitalising the clinical psychology training curriculum in Australia, with reference to international pedagogy and training standards. 相似文献
724.
Ronnie Janoff-Bulman Sana Sheikh Kate G. Baldacci 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1091-1099
Recent critiques of moral psychology and the contemporary culture wars highlight the need for a better understanding of diverse moral perspectives. A model of moral motives is proposed. The fundamental approach–avoidance distinction in motivation is crossed with self-other focus to create four moral motives: Self-Restraint (avoidance-self), Social Order (avoidance-other), Self-Reliance (approach-self), and Social Justice (approach-other). Three studies explored these motives in the context of political orientation. Overall, political conservatism was associated with avoidance motives and liberalism with approach motives. Approach–avoidance motives were also associated with distinct patterns of results regarding authoritarianism, social dominance, and positions on contemporary social issues. Responses of campus political groups demonstrated the utility of the moral motives in providing a more nuanced view of politics that also takes into account the model’s second dimension, for an emphasis on Self focus (personality responsibility) versus Other focus (social responsibility) further distinguished between conservative groups. Moral and political implications are discussed. 相似文献
725.
726.
Despite consistent evidence that adolescent girls are at greater risk of developing depression than adolescent boys, risk
factor models that account for this difference have been elusive. The objective of this research was to examine risk factors
proposed by the gender additive model of depression that attempts to partially explain the increased prevalence of depression in adolescent girls. The theory
suggests that body image and eating related variables predict depression for girls, but not for boys, above and beyond the
variance accounted for by other well-known risk factors, some of which were examined in the current study. The sample was
247 adolescent girls and 181 adolescent boys studied over a 24-month duration. Results suggest that body dissatisfaction is
a potent predictor of depression for girls, but not for boys, above and beyond the predictive effects of other established
risk factors. Results provide insight into the etiology of adolescent depression and the disparate rate of depression among
adolescent girls and provide direction for identifying high-risk individuals and developing effective prevention programs. 相似文献
727.
Lahey BB Van Hulle CA Keenan K Rathouz PJ D'Onofrio BM Rodgers JL Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1139-1158
Predictive associations between parenting and temperament during the first year of life and child conduct problems were assessed
longitudinally in 1,863 offspring of a representative sample of women. Maternal ratings of infant fussiness, activity level,
predictability, and positive affect each independently predicted maternal ratings of conduct problems during ages 4–13 years.
Furthermore, a significant interaction indicated that infants who were both low in fussiness and high in predictability were
at very low risk for future conduct problems. Fussiness was a stronger predictor of conduct problems in boys whereas fearfulness
was a stronger predictor in girls. Conduct problems also were robustly predicted by low levels of early mother-report cognitive
stimulation when infant temperament was controlled. Interviewer-rated maternal responsiveness was a robust predictor of conduct
problems, but only among infants low in fearfulness. Spanking during infancy predicted slightly more severe conduct problems,
but the prediction was moderated by infant fussiness and positive affect. Thus, individual differences in risk for mother-rated
conduct problems across childhood are already partly evident in maternal ratings of temperament during the first year of life
and are predicted by early parenting and parenting-by-temperament interactions.
相似文献
Benjamin B. LaheyEmail: |
728.
Bennett P Wilkinson C Turner J Brain K Edwards RT Griffith G France B Gray J 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(3):234-241
This study identified levels of distress, and predictors of levels of distress, in women undergoing assessment for genetic
risk of breast/ovarian cancer based on their family history. It comprised a cohort study following 154 women who completed
questionnaires at entry into a cancer genetic assessment programme and following risk provision. Independent significant associates
of anxiety following risk provision were age, neuroticism, feeling hopeless about developing cancer, a perceived lack of control
over developing cancer, lack of a social confidant, and a coping response involving acceptance/resignation. Depression was
associated with age, neuroticism, feeling hopeless about developing cancer, lack of social confidant, and a coping response
involving acceptance/resignation. To avoid high levels of psychological morbidity in future cohorts undergoing cancer genetic
risk assessment, information should be given that emphasises that some degree of control over health outcomes through behaviour
change or increased surveillance is possible. 相似文献
729.
This research examined cross‐national differences in the extent to which majority ethnic group members (White Europeans) in Australia and New Zealand automatically privileged members of their ingroup, relative to Indigenous targets, in cognitive representations of nationhood. As predicted, European Australian undergraduates implicitly associated their own ethnic group with the concept of “Australian”, relative to Aboriginal Australian targets (N = 50), but the implicit preferencing of Whiteness in representations of nationhood (relative to Maori targets) was absent in a comparable sample of New Zealand European undergraduates (N = 50). These results indicate that the extent to which representations of minority groups are interwoven with non‐conscious cognitive representations of nationhood and national identity are not immutably fixed. Instead, it is argued that this cross‐national difference is due to underlying systemic differences in the extent to which symbolic markers of Indigenous culture, identity, and values are consensually represented in majority group (White) national culture. 相似文献
730.
The current study investigated the efficacy of an exposure augmentation strategy in which the phobic individual is encouraged to enact actions that are in direct opposition to the fear action tendencies associated with acrophobia. Participants (N = 88) meeting DSM-IV criteria for specific phobia (acrophobia) were randomized to (a) exposure with oppositional actions (E + OA), (b) exposure only (EO), (c) a credible placebo consisting of pulsed audio-photic stimulation (APS), or (d) a waitlist control (WLC). Treatment consisted of six, 6-min exposure trials. Participants were assessed with questionnaire, behavioral, and physiologic measures at pre- and posttreatment, and at a 1-month follow-up session. Participants receiving E + OA showed significantly greater improvement on behavioral and questionnaire measures than those in the other 3 conditions at both posttreatment and follow-up. Further, whereas treatment improvement generalized to an untrained context for those receiving E + OA, such was not the case for EO- and APS-treated participants. Findings suggest augmenting exposure with oppositional actions may enhance treatment outcome and thus warrant additional investigation with clinical samples. 相似文献