Book reviews and notes

GENERAL. A MEDIEVAL MUSLIM SCHOLAR AT WORK:IBN TAWUS AND HIS LIBRARY. By Etan Kohlberg. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies. Edited by H. Daiber and D. Pingree. Vol. XXII. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992. 470pp. Hb. $120.00. ISBN 90-04-09549-7. AL-FARABI AND HIS SCHOOL. By Ian Richard Netton. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. 128pp. £10.99. Pb. ISBN 0-415-03595-3; Hb. 0-415-03594-5. PROBLEMS OF THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF ALBERT HOURANI. Edited by John P. Spagnolo. Reading: Ithaca Press, 1992. 309pp. Hb. £30.00. ISBN 0-86372-164-8. WOMAN'S BODY, WOMAN'S WORLD: GENDER AND DISCOURSE IN ARAB-ISLAMIC WRITING. By Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. 206pp. $12.95. ISBN 0-691-01488-4. AVICENNA. By Lenn E. Goodman. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. 240pp. Pb.£12.99. ISBN: 0-415-07409-6. EURO-ARAB RELATIONS: A STUDY IN COLLECTIVE DIPLOMACY. By Haifaa A. Jawad. Reading: Ithaca Press, 1992. 302pp. Hb.£25.00. ISBN 0-86372-129-X. DER ISLAM: EIN LESEBUCH. Edited by MARIA HAARMANN. Beck'sche Reihe; 479. Munchen: C.H. Beck, 1992. 388pp. Pb. DM12.-. ISBN 3-406-340717. DIE ISLAMISCH WELT UND EUROPA: KULTURELLE VERSTAN-DIGUNG ALS POLITISCHE HERAUSFORDERUNG. By Hans A. Fischer-Barnicol. Stuttgart, Berlin, Koln: Verlag Kohlhammer, 1991. 260pp. Pb. DM34.80. ISBN 3-17-011749-1. DER KORAN: ARABISCH-DEUTSCH: UBERSETZUNG UND WISSENSCHAFTLICHER KOMMENTAR. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Band 3: sure 2,213-2,286. Gutersloh: Gutersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1992. 299pp. Hb. DM175.-. ISBN 3-579-00338-0. SHIISM. By Heinz Halm. Islamic Surveys, 18. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1992. 218pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN 0-7486-0268-2. ISLAM-LEXIKON A-Z. By Adel Th. Khoury, Ludwig Hagemann and Petet Heine. 3 vols. Freiburg i.Br.: Herder, 1991. 941pp. Pb. DM78.00. ISBN 3-451-04036-0. LEXIKON DER ISLAMISCHEN WELT. By Klaus Kreiser and Rotraud Wielandt. Vollig uberarbeitete Neuausgabe. Stuttgart, Berlin, Koln: W. Kohlhammer, 1992. 289pp. Hb. DM34.00. ISBN 3-17-011770-X. ALLMACHT UND MACHTIGKEIT: RELIGION UND WELT IM ISLAM. By Johann Christoph Burgel. Munchen: C.H. Beck, 1991. 416pp. Hb. DM48.00. ISBN 3-406-35374-6. EXEGESE, LANGUE ET THEOLOGIE EN ISLAM: L'EXEGESE CORANIQUE DE TABARI. By Claude Gilliot. Paris: J. Vrin, 1990 320pp. Pb. 252FF. ISBN 2-7116-1033-0. INTERPRETATION IN RELIGION. Edited by Shlomo Biderman and Benami Scharfstein. Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill, 1992. 290pp. Hb. DFL.125.00; $71.50. ISBN 90-04-09519-5; ISSN 0924-7904. REGIONAL. Africa. THE SUFI BROTHERHOODS IN SUDAN. By Ali Salih Karrar. London: C. Hurst, 1992. Hb. £30.00. ISBN 1-85065-111-6. THE CALL FOR DEMOCRACY IN SUDAN. By John Garang. Edited and introduced by Mansour Khalid. London: Kegan Paul International, 1992. 292pp. Pb. £12.95. ISBN 0 7103 0401 3. L'ISLAM AU CHAD. Edited by Centre D'Etude D'Afrique Noire. Bordeaux Institute. d'Etudes Politiques de Bordeaux, 1992. Collection 'Etudes et Recherches'. Pb. 150pp. Pb. 110.00FF. ISBN 2-908065-12-6; ISSN 0151-0207-20. Asia. HAUS UND FAMILIE IN ARABISCHEN LANDERN: VOM MIT-TELALTER BIS ZUM GEGENWART. By Annagret Nippa. Munchen: C.H. Beck, 1991. 244pp. Pb. DM44.00. ISBN 3-406-34603-0. NOMAD: A YEAR IN THE LIFE OF A QASHQA'I TRIBESMAN IN IRAN. By Lois Beck. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. 489pp. Pb.£14.95. ISBN 1-85043-364-X. THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD. Edited by Marie Bennigsen Broxup. London: C. Hurst, 1992. 252pp. Hb. £27.50. ISBN 1-85065-069-1. ISLAM IN BANGLADESH. By U.A.B. Razia Akter Banu. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992. 194pp. $43.00. ISBN 09-04-09497-0. Europe. THE NEW SCOTS: THE STORY OF ASIANS IN SCOTLAND. By Bashir Maan. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers, 1992. 216pp. Pb. £9.50. ISBN 0-85976-357-9. ARABS IN EXILE: YEMENI MIGRANTS IN URBAN BRITAIN. By Fred Halliday. London: I.B. Tauris, 1992. 166pp. Hb. £35.00. ISBN 1-85043-499-9. ISLAM IN SPANISH LITERATURE: FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE PRESENT. By Luce Lopex-Baralt. Leiden, New York, Koln: E.J. Brill; San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1992. 323pp. Hb. DFL.145.00; $83.00. ISBN 90-94-09460-1. Middle East. PITY THE NATION: LEBANON AT WAR. By Robert Fisk. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 703pp. Pb. £7.99. ISBN 0-19-285284-1. ARMENIA AND KARABAGH: THE STRUGGLE FOR UNITY. Edited by Christopher J. Walker. London: Minority Rights Group, 1991. 162pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 1-873194-00-5. GENDER IN CRISIS: WOMEN AND THE PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE MOVEMENT. By Julie M. Peteet. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1991. 245pp. Cloth $43.50, pb. $16.00. ISBN 0-231-07446-8 cloth, 0-231-07447-6 pb. POLITICS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. By Elie Kedourie. Oxford, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992. 366pp. Pb. £8,99. ISBN 0-19-289154-5. PALESTINE REBORN. By Walid Khalidi. London: I.B. Tauris, 1992. 234pp. Hb. £35.00, pb. £14.95. ISBN 1-85043-563-4 hb., 1-85043-559-6 pb. NASSER. By Peter Woodward. Profile in Power Series. London and New York: Longman, 1992. 167pp. Pb. £7.50. ISBN 0-582-03389-6. CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM RELATIONS. LES CHRETIENTES D'ORIENT ENTRE JIHAD ET DHIMMITUDE. By Bat Ye'or. Paris: Cerf, 1991. 529pp. Pb. FF199.00. ISBN 2-204-04347-8. NICOLAS OF CUSA IN SEARCH OF GOD AND WISDOM. Edited by Gerald Christianson and Thomas M. Izbicki. Studies in the History of Christian Thought, XLV. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 298pp. Hb. DFL.140,00; $80.00. ISBN 90-04-09362-1. PRISONERS OF FAITH: A VIEW FROM WITHIN. By Nirmala Srinivasan. New Delhi, Newbury Park, London: Sage Publications, 1989. 219pp. Hb. Indian Rs 220.-. ISBN 81-7036-151 (India), 0-8039-9604-7 (US). NEW PERIODICALS ON FAITH ENCOUNTERS.     

Evidence for developmentally based diagnoses of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

This paper compares the validity of DSM-III-R diagnoses of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) and an alternative option which is subdivided into three levels according to developmental sequence and severity: modified oppositional disorder (MODD), intermediate CD (ICD), and advanced CD (ACD). Using a sample of 177 boys followed over 3 years, both the DSM-III-R and the alternative diagnostic constructs are evaluated on three criteria: symptom discriminative validity, and diagnostic external and predictive validity. Most DSM-III-R ODD and CD symptoms discriminated between ODD and CD, but exceptions are noted. Additional analyses demonstrated considerable overlap among DSM-III-R oppositional symptoms. The majority of the symptoms proposed for the alternative option could be assigned to a specific level based on acceptable symptom discrimination. External validity lent support to the distinctions between DSM-III-R ODD and CD, and between MODD, ICD, and ACD. MODD was a better predictor than ODD of which boys received a later diagnosis of CD. Suggestions are made for the inclusion and exclusion of symptoms for developmentally based diagnoses of oppositional and conduct disorders.This research was supported by a grant from the John D. and Catherine R. MacArthur Foundation to the American Psychiatric Association, and grant 1-RO1-MH42529-04 from the National Institute of Mental Health. The authors are indebted to Paul Frick for his advice with some of the statistical analyses, and particularly to Ms. Judith Navratil for her expert help in data collection.     

Music, emotion, and autobiographical memory: They’re playing your song

Very long-term memory for popular music was investigated. Older and younger adults listened to 20-sec excerpts of popular songs drawn from across the 20th century. The subjects gave emotionality and preference ratings and tried to name the title, artist, and year of popularity for each excerpt. They also performed a cued memory test for the lyrics. The older adults' emotionality ratings were highest for songs from their youth; they remembered more about these songs, as well. However, the stimuli failed to cue many autobiographical memories of specific events. Further analyses revealed that the older adults were less likely than the younger adults to retrieve multiple attributes of a song together (i.e., title and artist) and that there was a significant positive correlation between emotion and memory, especially for the older adults. These results have implications for research on long-term memory, as well as on the relationship between emotion and memory.     

Boys' Experimentation and Persistence in Developmental Pathways Toward Serious Delinquency

We expand on earlier work documenting developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior towards serious forms of delinquency in boys. Three pathways we hypothesized in our previous work: (a) An Authority Conflict Pathway prior to the age of 12, that starts with stubborn behavior, and has defiance as a second stage, and authority avoidance as a third stage; (b) A Covert Pathway that starts with minor convert acts, has property damage as a second stage, and moderate to serious delinquency as a third stage; and (c) An Overt Pathway that starts with minor aggression, has physical fighting as a second stage, and violence as a third stage. We now refine this work by distinguishing between boys who experiment and those who persist in disruptive behavior. Data are presented showing that the fit for the three pathways is better for persisters than for experimenters. Also, the proportion of persisters that enter each pathway at the first stage (rather than at later stages) is higher than that for experimenters. Penetration in each pathway was more common among boys who received a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. Boys' rate of offending increased with penetration into pathways and with persistence on more than one pathway. Boys' persistence and advancement in the Overt or the Covert Pathway was almost invariably accompanied by their advancement in the Authority Conflict Pathway. The classification of boys according to persistence and pathways accounted for the majority of high rate offenders, according to both self-report and court adjudicated offenses.     

HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS BY NORMAL AND PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN: DRAW-A-PERSON TEST

N ielsen , H elle H. Human figure drawings by normal and physically handicapped children. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1961, 2 , 129–138.—Cerebral palsied children (spastic hemiplegia and paraplegia) were compared with normal children on nineteen formal variables of Draw-a-Person Test. Contrary to prediction, no differences were found between the experimental and matched control group, but one variable (Extremities lacking) was scored more frequently on hemiplegic than on paraplegic children. A comparison of the two groups showed that a significantly larger number of spastic drawings than normal drawings had a Goodenough IQ that was more than 10 points lower than their Binet IQ. A clinical psychologist, with much experience of figure drawings, sorted the drawings better than chance, only informed about age and IQ of the subject.     

Attentional switching in the sequential flanker task: age, location, and time course effects

The sequential flanker task was developed to study sequential performance using methodology borrowed from studies of task switching. We investigated age differences in backward inhibition [BI: Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000). Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4-26] during a sequential category search task. Participants learned four animal categories in a fixed order, and then searched for exemplars from those categories in runs of mis-ordered exemplars. Across three experiments, we observed robust BI facilitation effects. However, the magnitude of BI effects did not differ across age groups. This age-invariance held despite manipulations of distractibility (Experiment 2), and interstimulus interval (Experiment 3), suggesting that BI processes may be relatively automatic and obligatory in the context of sequential tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of the attentional mechanisms that underlie task set switching and sequential performance.     

Focus on clinical psychology postgraduate training: Taking the curriculum into the next decade

Abstract: Clinical psychology, like many applied disciplines, often suffers from a lack of congruence between best‐practice in terms of pedagogy and evidence‐based practice and the actual structure and content of training programs. A small but growing international literature addresses such issues. A small group of researchers from five Australian Universities, led by a team at the University of Queensland, has received grant money over two years to examine and offer constructive strategies for revising and revitalising the clinical psychology training curriculum in Australia, with reference to international pedagogy and training standards.