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201.
This study evaluates the horse (Equus caballus) use of human local enhancement cues and reaction to human attention when making feeding decisions. The superior performance
of dogs in observing human states of attention suggests this ability evolved with domestication. However, some species show
an improved ability to read human cues through socialization and training. We observed 60 horses approach a bucket with feed
in a three-way object-choice task when confronted with (a) an unfamiliar or (b) a familiar person in 4 different situations:
(1) squatting behind the bucket, facing the horse (2) standing behind the bucket, facing the horse (3) standing behind the
bucket in a back-turned position, gazing away from the horse and (4) standing a few meters from the bucket in a distant, back-turned
position, again gazing away from the horse. Additionally, postures 1 and 2 were tested both with the person looking permanently
at the horse and with the person alternating their gaze between the horse and the bucket. When the person remained behind
the correct bucket, it was chosen significantly above chance. However, when the test person was turned and distant from the
buckets, the horses’ performance deteriorated. In the turned person situations, the horses approached a familiar person and
walked towards their focus of attention significantly more often than with an unfamiliar person. Additionally, in the squatting
and standing person situations, some horses approached the person before approaching the correct bucket. This happened more
with a familiar person. We therefore conclude that horses can use humans as a local enhancement cue independently of their
body posture or gaze consistency when the persons remain close to the food source and that horses seem to orientate on the
attention of familiar more than of unfamiliar persons. We suggest that socialization and training improve the ability of horses
to read human cues. 相似文献
202.
Autobiographical reasoning has been found to be a critical process in identity development; however, the authors suggest that existing research shows that such reasoning may not always be critical to another important outcome: well-being. The authors describe characteristics of people such as personality and age, contexts such as conversations, and experiences such as transgressions, which may hinder adaptive reasoning. They also propose alternatives to autobiographical reasoning for managing challenging events and constructing the life story, which include different kinds of meaning-making than those primarily focused on in the current literature. 相似文献
203.
Davidson K Tyrer P Gumley A Tata P Norrie J Palmer S Millar H Drummond L Seivewright H Murray H Macaulay F 《Journal of personality disorders》2006,20(5):431-449
This paper describes the rationale for a randomized controlled trial, comparing cognitive behavior therapy in addition to treatment as usual with treatment as usual alone, for borderline personality disorder. Previous pioneering randomized controlled trials of psychotherapies have suffered from methodological weaknesses and have not always been reported clearly to allow adequate evaluation of either the individual study or comparisons across studies to be undertaken. We report on the recruitment and randomization, design, and conduct of an ongoing randomized controlled trial of one hundred and six patients with borderline personality disorder. Primary and secondary hypotheses and their planned analyses are stated. The baseline characteristics of 106 patients meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder are described. 相似文献
204.
The neurophysiological correlates of face processing in adults and children with Asperger's syndrome
Past research has found evidence for face and emotional expression processing differences between individuals with Asperger's syndrome (AS) and neurotypical (NT) controls at both the neurological and behavioural levels. The aim of the present study was to examine the neurophysiological basis of emotional expression processing in children and adults with AS relative to age- and gender-matched NT controls. High-density event-related potentials were recorded during explicit processing of happy, sad, angry, scared, and neutral faces. Adults with AS were found to exhibit delayed P1 and N170 latencies and smaller N170 amplitudes in comparison to control subjects for all expressions. This may reflect impaired holistic and configural processing of faces in AS adults. However, these differences were not observed between AS and control children. This may result from incomplete development of the neuronal generators of these ERP components and/or early intervention. 相似文献
205.
Life stress, the "kindling" hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Major depression is frequently characterized by recurrent episodes over the life course. First lifetime episodes of depression, however, are typically more strongly associated with major life stress than are successive recurrences. A key theoretical issue involves how the role of major life stress changes from an initial episode over subsequent recurrences. The primary conceptual framework for research on life stress and recurrence of depression is the "kindling" hypothesis (R. M. Post, 1992). Despite the strengths of the kindling hypothesis, a review of the research literature reveals inconsistencies and confusion about life stress and its implications for the recurrence of depression. Adopting a life stress perspective, the authors introduce 3 major themes that resolve the inconsistencies in the current literature. They integrate these themes and extrapolate the ideas with available data to develop a preliminary framework for evaluating competing explanatory models and to guide research on life stress and the recurrence of depression. 相似文献
206.
We studied categorization in pigeons, using carefully controlled photographs. Within daily sessions, 4 pigeons had to classify
each of 32 photographs into either its proper basic-level category (cars, chairs, flowers, or people; four-key forced choice
procedure) or its proper superordinate-level category (natural or artificial; two-key forced choice procedure). The pigeons
successfully classified the same stimuli at both levels. Overall, the pigeons learned the basic discrimination more quickly
than the superordinate discrimination, but this difference was reliable only for artificial stimuli (cars and chairs), not
for natural stimuli (flowers and people). The pigeons also exhibited reliable discrimination transfer to novel photographs,
attesting to the open-endedness of these basic and superordinate categories. 相似文献
207.
The present study was designed to evaluate the extent to which free recall performance is influenced by competing demands on physiological resources dependent on blood‐oxygen levels. Fifty‐six healthy young adults (mean age=20 years) were allocated to groups (n1–4=14) according to their level of exercise (more than 6 h aerobic exercise per wk, or sedentary 1 1 Here sedentary refers to individuals with no regular exercise routines .) and smoking (more than 10 cigarettes per day, or none) behaviour. Participants performed two free recall tasks, one under normal physically inactive conditions and the other immediately following strenuous physical exertion (a step‐up test for 2 min). We predicted that recall would suffer following strenuous physical activity among smoking aerobic exercisers. We reasoned this would be due to the oxygen‐carrying capacity of the blood being compromised in this group by higher levels of smoking‐related carbon monoxide in the blood stream. The results supported this prediction. We interpret our findings according to a resource model of cognitive function, mediated by physiological mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
208.
Tyrer P Tom B Byford S Schmidt U Jones V Davidson K Knapp M MacLeod A Catalan J;POPMACT Group 《Journal of personality disorders》2004,18(1):102-116
A total of 480 patients were treated in a large, multicenter randomized trial of a brief form of cognitive therapy, manual-assisted cognitive behavior therapy (MACT) versus treatment as usual (TAU) for recurrent deliberate self-harm. Each patient was randomized after a self-harm episode assessed at an accident and emergency center and followed up over 1 year. The main hypothesis tested was that those allocated to MACT would have a lower proportion of self-harm episodes in the succeeding year. A total of 60% of those allocated to MACT had face-to-face treatment and 430 (90%) of all patients had self-harm data recorded after 1 year. Although the results showed no significant difference between those repeating self-harm in the MACT group (39%) compared with the TAU group (46%) (P = 0.20), the treatment was cost effective (10% cheaper than TAU) and the frequency of self-harm episodes was fewer (50%) in the MACT group. A total of nine of 10 patients had some personality disturbance (42% of these with disorder), and for those where information on parasuicide events was collected, the proportion having a repeat episode ranged from 33% to 63% for different personality disorders. Those with BPD were most likely to repeat episodes quickly (mean 89 days for 25% to repeat) with dissocial personality disorder (equivalent mean 384 days) the slowest to repeat. Total costs were significantly greater in those with personality disorder and were reduced in those allocated to MACT; this saving was reversed in those with borderline disorder. On average, MACT appeared to increase the cost of those patients with BPD (BPD) and reduce the cost of those with other personality disorders. It is concluded that MACT has value in preventing self-harm cost effectively but this appears to be confined mainly to those who do not have BPD. 相似文献
209.
The relation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: what role does conduct disorder play? 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature examining the relation between childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance abuse. A number of researchers have statistically controlled for conduct disorder (CD) when examining the ADHD—substance-abuse relation. These studies have generally found that the ADHD—substance-abuse relation disappears when the high overlap between ADHD and CD is taken into account. On this basis, one may conclude that ADHD is unimportant to substance abuse. However, there is some evidence from both empirical studies and related fields that ADHD and CD may interact to afford a higher risk for substance abuse than may either disorder alone. Thus, ADHD appears to be important to substance abuse in that it interacts with CD to increase the risk. This paper calls for more research that directly examines the joint effects of ADHD and CD on risk for substance abuse. There is also a need for more research that examines gender differences, and mechanisms of the relations among ADHD, CD, and substance abuse. 相似文献
210.