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211.
People evaluate stigmatized group members negatively when they attribute negative personal outcomes to discrimination, even when discrimination is the likely cause. The present studies examined whether similar interpersonal costs exist for attributing a positive personal outcome to discrimination in the context of positive stereotypes. In Study 1, 129 participants read an excerpt written by an Asian student who attributed an unexpectedly high essay grade to discrimination, writing quality, or easy grading. Participants evaluated the student least favourably when he attributed the positive outcome to discrimination. In Study 2, 140 participants evaluated a successful Asian job applicant less favourably than a successful, white applicant, although both applicants attributed the positive outcome to group membership. The implications for how stigmatized group members perceive and respond to prejudice and discrimination are discussed. 相似文献
212.
This study evaluates the horse (Equus caballus) use of human local enhancement cues and reaction to human attention when making feeding decisions. The superior performance
of dogs in observing human states of attention suggests this ability evolved with domestication. However, some species show
an improved ability to read human cues through socialization and training. We observed 60 horses approach a bucket with feed
in a three-way object-choice task when confronted with (a) an unfamiliar or (b) a familiar person in 4 different situations:
(1) squatting behind the bucket, facing the horse (2) standing behind the bucket, facing the horse (3) standing behind the
bucket in a back-turned position, gazing away from the horse and (4) standing a few meters from the bucket in a distant, back-turned
position, again gazing away from the horse. Additionally, postures 1 and 2 were tested both with the person looking permanently
at the horse and with the person alternating their gaze between the horse and the bucket. When the person remained behind
the correct bucket, it was chosen significantly above chance. However, when the test person was turned and distant from the
buckets, the horses’ performance deteriorated. In the turned person situations, the horses approached a familiar person and
walked towards their focus of attention significantly more often than with an unfamiliar person. Additionally, in the squatting
and standing person situations, some horses approached the person before approaching the correct bucket. This happened more
with a familiar person. We therefore conclude that horses can use humans as a local enhancement cue independently of their
body posture or gaze consistency when the persons remain close to the food source and that horses seem to orientate on the
attention of familiar more than of unfamiliar persons. We suggest that socialization and training improve the ability of horses
to read human cues. 相似文献
213.
Kate Wojtkiewicz 《Journal of applied philosophy》2023,40(1):150-165
As audiences demand better and more diverse representation in the fictions they consume, there is a question of how that demand should be placed on fiction creators. In this article, I answer this question by arguing creators of fiction have a hermeneutical responsibility to include diverse characters in their creations, and to do so without relying on harmful stereotypes. I cast this responsibility as the epistemic virtue of due diligence, offset by epistemic laziness and epistemic paralysis as the corresponding vices of absence and excess, respectively. Practicing either vice can constitute a type of hermeneutical gap described by Katharine Jenkins, in which harmful stereotypes (conceptions) become more accessible to epistemic agents than the more accurate concept. By blocking the agent's access to the accurate conception, such stereotypes create a hermeneutical gap and can contribute to hermeneutical injustices, as described by Miranda Fricker and José Medina. 相似文献
214.
Eranda Jayawickreme Frank J. Infurna Kinan Alajak Laura E. R. Blackie William J. Chopik Joanne M. Chung Anna Dorfman William Fleeson Marie J. C. Forgeard Patricia Frazier R. Michael Furr Igor Grossmann Aaron S. Heller Odilia M. Laceulle Richard E. Lucas Maike Luhmann Gloria Luong Laurien Meijer Kate C. McLean Crystal L. Park Ann Marie Roepke Zeina al Sawaf Howard Tennen Rebecca M. B. White Renée Zonneveld 《Journal of personality》2021,89(1):145-165
215.
The neurophysiological correlates of face processing in adults and children with Asperger's syndrome
Past research has found evidence for face and emotional expression processing differences between individuals with Asperger's syndrome (AS) and neurotypical (NT) controls at both the neurological and behavioural levels. The aim of the present study was to examine the neurophysiological basis of emotional expression processing in children and adults with AS relative to age- and gender-matched NT controls. High-density event-related potentials were recorded during explicit processing of happy, sad, angry, scared, and neutral faces. Adults with AS were found to exhibit delayed P1 and N170 latencies and smaller N170 amplitudes in comparison to control subjects for all expressions. This may reflect impaired holistic and configural processing of faces in AS adults. However, these differences were not observed between AS and control children. This may result from incomplete development of the neuronal generators of these ERP components and/or early intervention. 相似文献
216.
Comprehension of pronouns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kate Ehrlich 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1980,32(2):247-255
An experiment is reported in which subjects had to choose referents for pronouns in sentences such as: John blamed Bill because he spilt the coffee. To examine whether the choice of referent is influenced by features of the main verb or by the events described in the sentence, the relation between the events was altered by changing the conjunction. A significant effect of conjunction was obtained, but only when both antecedents matched the gender of the pronoun. When only one antecedent matched the pronoun, referents were chosen faster. From these results it is argued that readers use general knowledge to select referents for pronouns when gender does not identify a unique referent. A further effect of sentence structure on the time taken to select a referent was interpreted as showing that subjects analysed the sentences clause by clause. 相似文献
217.
One's expectancies for reinforcement from eating or from thinness are thought to represent summaries of one's eating-related learning history and to thus influence the development of binge-eating and purging behavior. In a 3-year longitudinal study, the authors tested this hypothesis and the hypothesis that binge eating also influences subsequent expectancy development. The authors used trajectory analysis to identify groups of middle school girls who followed different trajectories of binge eating, purging, eating expectancies, and thinness expectancies. Initial eating and thinness reinforcement expectancies identified girls whose binge eating and purging increased during middle school, and expectancies differentiated girls who began these problem behaviors from girls who did not. Initial binge-eating scores differentiated among eating expectancy developmental trajectories. The onset of most behaviors can be understood in terms of learned expectancies for reinforcement from these behaviors. The same model can be applied to the risk for eating disorders. 相似文献
218.
Kate C. McLean 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2008,2(4):1685-1702
This paper reviews the current research on narrative identity. Narrative identity is quickly becoming accepted as a promising process approach to self‐development in a variety of fields, including developmental, clinical, cultural, personality, and social psychology. This paper reviews factors surrounding the emergence of narrative identity in adolescence, relations between narrative patterns and age and personality, as well as factors that are important to developing a coherent narrative identity, such as the emotional valence of experience, storytelling, and culture. Finally, new and emerging issues are raised for those interested in the study of narrative identity, with a particular focus on narratives that are difficult to tell and may violate cultural norms. 相似文献
219.