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211.
Annette De Vito Dabbs Yookyung Kim A. Hamdan-Mansour Anecia Thibodeau K. Mc Curry 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(4):378-389
Health locus of control (HLC) beliefs may influence the health behaviors that patients perform on their own behalf. Likewise, the HLC beliefs that clinicians consider desirable may influence how active they encourage patients to be in managing health. It remains unclear how involved lung recipients want to be and how involved transplant clinicians believe they should be. The aims of this study were to describe HLC beliefs and behaviors manifested by recipients and clinicians in the setting of lung transplantation. Mixed-methods were used, including quantitative techniques to measure demographics, clinical characteristics, and HLC using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), and qualitative techniques to explore how HLC beliefs were manifest in the clinical setting. Nearly all participants manifested behaviors consistent with high internality and externality, highlighting the importance of holding ‘dual health locus of control’ beliefs for optimal health management and lending support for recipients and clinicians to share responsibility for managing post-transplant health.Funded by the Nursing & Social Sciences Council of the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 相似文献
212.
Peter Hegarty Annette Smith Tadhg Bogan‐Carey 《Journal of applied social psychology》2019,49(3):133-144
People with physical intersex characteristics can be subject to medical interventions that risk human rights to bodily integrity and self‐determination. Proponents and opponents of medicalization use personal narrative videos on YouTube to frame intersex as a stigma best understood through a medical or social identity frame. Ninety‐nine psychology students watched one of two YouTube videos with either a medical or social identity frame, or participated in a comparison group who watched no video. Participants extracted the videos’ medical or social identity framing in their own words. The social identity video increased participants’ sense that medicine was more harmful and less beneficial, and the medical video decreased participants’ sense that medicine was harmful. Although the videos aimed at bringing about social understanding of intersex people, neither video impacted stigmatizing beliefs about intersex people as a group. Rather, effects of the videos on beliefs about harms of medicalization were moderated by two stigma measures; social distance and gender binary beliefs. Medical intervention on intersex has been justified, in part, on grounds that stigma is inevitable. While intersex stigma has rarely been empirically examined, the present study shows that people with less propensity to stigmatize see less benefit from medicalizing intersex traits and are more open to learning few framings from personal experience videos. 相似文献
213.
It is currently unclear whether it is the need to maintain metabolic efficiency, the need to keep skeletal loading below critical force levels, or simple mechanical factors that drive the walk-to-run (W-R) and run-to-walk (R-W) transitions in human gait. Eighteen adults (9 males and 9 females) locomoted on an instrumented treadmill using their preferred gait. Each completed 2 ascending (W-R) and 2 descending (R-W) series of trials under three levels of loading (0%, 15% and 30% body weight). For each trial, participants locomoted for 60 s at each of 9 different speeds--4 speeds both above and below their preferred transition speed (PTS) plus their PTS. Evidence was sought for critical levels of key kinetic (maximum vertical force, impulse, first peak force, time to first peak force and maximum loading rate), energetic (oxygen consumption, transport cost) and mechanical variables (limb lengths, strength) predictive of the gait transition. Analyses suggested the kinetic variables of time to first peak force and loading rate as the most likely determinants of the W-R and R-W transitions. 相似文献
214.
Hohlfeld A Sangals J Sommer W 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2004,30(5):1012-1025
The authors investigated effects of task and overlapping processing load on semantic processing. In 3 experiments the brain potential component N400 was elicited by synonymous and nonsynonymous spoken noun pairs that were to be classified according to semantic relatedness. The time course of the N400 component to the nouns was delayed, and its amplitude was reduced when additional tasks had to be performed. The delay increased with temporal overlap and was more pronounced for language-related than for spatial additional tasks. Delays of N400 were also caused by a compatibility manipulation in the additional tasks. Theoretical accounts of the observed interference of overlapping tasks with language perception in terms of attentional shifts were discarded. Explanations in terms of resource sharing and single channel processing are discussed. 相似文献
215.
In two experiments, we examined the attentional mechanisms governing sensorimotor skill execution across levels of expertise.
In Experiment 1, novice and expert golfers took a series of putts under dual-task conditions designed to distract attention
from putting and under skill-focused conditions that prompted attention to step-by-stePperformance. Novices performed better
under skill-focused than under dual-task conditions. Experts showed the opposite pattern. In Experiment 2, novice and expert
golfers putted under instructions that emphasized either putting accuracy or speed—the latter intended to reduce the time
available to monitor and explicitly adjust execution parameters. Novices putted better under accuracy instructions. Experts
were more accurate under speed instructions. In agreement with theories of skill acquisition and automaticity, novice performance
is enhanced by conditions that allow for on-line attentional monitoring (e.g., skill-focused or accuracy instructions) in
comparison with conditions that prevent explicit attentional control of skill execution (e.g., dual-task or speed constraints).
In contrast, the proceduralized skill of experts benefits from environments that limit, rather than encourage, attention to
execution. 相似文献
216.
Early abuse, psychiatric diagnoses and irritable bowel syndrome 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Blanchard EB Keefer L Payne A Turner SM Galovski TE 《Behaviour research and therapy》2002,40(3):289-298
In a population of 71 (57 female, 14 male) IBS patients seeking psychological treatment, we found expected levels of childhood sexual and physical abuse (57.7%) and expected levels of current Axis I psychiatric disorders (54.9%). Moreover, we found those who had been victims of early abuse had higher current Beck Depression Inventory scores. However, contrary to expectations, there were no significant associations between early abuse and current psychiatric disorder in this population, suggesting that those individuals with psychological distress are not exactly the same group with a history of abuse. 相似文献
217.
Beautrais AL 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2002,32(1):1-9
Risk factors for serious suicidal behavior among older adults were examined in a case control study of 53 adults aged 55 and older who died by suicide or made medically serious suicide attempts and who were compared with 269 randomly selected comparison subjects. Multivariate analyses suggested that risk of serious suicidal behavior was elevated among those with current mood disorders (OR = 179, CI = 52.8-607.6), psychiatric hospital admission within the previous year (OR = 24.4, CI = 1.9-318.7), limited social network (OR = 4.5, CI = 1.4-14.6). The predominant role of mood disorders was confirmed by population attributable risk (PAR) estimates (73.6%), suggesting that the improved detection, treatment and management of mood disorders should be the primary focus of suicide prevention strategies for older adults. 相似文献
218.
This study examined worry and the parameters of worry that may be associated with clinical anxiety in a sample of 119 children and adolescents referred to a childhood anxiety disorders specialty clinic. Using an interviewing procedure, results indicated that the types of worries reported by the children were similar to those reported in previous studies of nonreferred community children. Also similar to previous community studies were findings showing moderate but significant correlations between different indices of worry (i.e., number, intensity, and frequency of the worries) and children's scores on self-rating scales of anxiety. Results further indicated that worry contributed additional variance beyond that of anxiety in predicting fear. In addition, intensity differentiated clinic children's worries from nonreferred children's. Intensity, and number of worries differentiated subsamples of children within the clinic-referred sample (i.e., children with overanxious disorder or generalized anxiety disorder and children with simple phobia). The importance of examining children's worries to further understand anxiety and its disorders in youth is discussed. 相似文献
219.
Two studies examined effects of ambient darkness and chronic beliefs about danger on activation of stereotypes about Blacks. Chronic beliefs were measured by a Belief in a Dangerous World (BDW) questionnaire. In Study, 1, participants in either a dimly lit or dark room saw photos of Black men and rated the extent to which specific traits described the cultural stereotype of Blacks. In Study 2, participants in either a well-lit or dark room completed reaction-time tasks assessing implicit associations between Blacks and evaluative attributes. Separate measures assessed stereotypes connoting danger versus those that are merely derogatory. Results revealed BDW x Darkness interactions on activation of danger-relevant stereotypes: BDW positively predicted activation in dark but not in light conditions. It appears that chronic beliefs about danger can facilitate activation of functionally relevant stereotypes, but this effect occurs primarily under circumstances (such as darkness) that heuristically suggest vulnerability to harm. Conceptual implications are discussed. 相似文献
220.
Emotion and intuition 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
We investigated effects of emotional states on the ability to make intuitive judgments about the semantic coherence of word triads. Participants were presented word triads, consisting of three clue words that either were weakly associated with a common fourth concept (coherent triads) or had no common associate (incoherent triads). In Experiment 1, participants in a neutral mood discriminated coherent and incoherent triads reliably better than chance level even if they did not consciously retrieve the solution word. In Experiment 2, the induction of a positive mood reliably improved intuitive coherence judgments, whereas participants in a negative mood performed at chance level. We conclude that positive mood potentiates spread of activation to weak or remote associates in memory, thereby improving intuitive coherence judgments. By contrast, negative mood appears to restrict spread of activation to close associates and dominant word meanings, thus impairing intuitive coherence judgments. 相似文献