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71.
Martens K Amarell M Parvez K Hittel K De Caigny P Ito E Lukowiak K 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,88(2):232-242
Repeated spaced training sessions of contingent tactile stimulation to the pneumostome as it opens are required to cause long-term memory (LTM) formation of aerial respiratory behaviour making if difficult to determine exactly when memory forms. We have devised a single-trial aversive operant conditioning training procedure in Lymnaea to be better able to elucidate the causal mechanisms of LTM formation. Observations of baseline breathing behaviour in hypoxia were first made. Twenty-four hours later the snails were trained using the single trial procedure, by placing them in a small Petri dish containing 4 ml of 25 mM KCl for 30-35s as soon as the first pneumostome opening in hypoxia was attempted. LTM was present if (1) breathing behaviour following training was significantly less than before; and (2) breathing behaviour post-training was significantly less in experimental groups than in yoked control groups. LTM persisted for 24 h but not 48 h. Yoked controls that received an aversive stimulus not contingent with pneumostome opening had no evidence of memory. Cooling directly after, but not at any other time, blocks LTM formation. LTM formation was also prevented by removal of the cell body of the neuron RPeD1 before training. 相似文献
72.
Gallo LC de Los Monteros KE Shivpuri S 《Current directions in psychological science》2009,18(5):269-274
ABSTRACT— A robust, linear association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health has been identified across many populations and health outcomes. This relationship is typically monotonic, so that each step down the SES hierarchy brings increased vulnerability to disease and premature mortality. Despite growing attention to health disparities, scientists and policymakers have made little progress toward confronting their causes and implementing effective solutions. Using the reserve capacity model ( Gallo & Matthews, 2003 ) as an organizing framework, the current article examines the contribution of resilient psychosocial resources to socioeconomic disparities in physical health. Findings suggest that deficient psychosocial resources, such as low perceptions of control and social support, may be one of many factors that connect low SES with poor health. Additional research is needed to test these relationships and their underlying mechanisms, to consider interventions to enhance reserve capacity, and to evaluate the efficacy of such efforts in fostering resilience to socioeconomic hardship. 相似文献
73.
Karla G. Van Leeuwen Angèle Fauchier Murray A. Straus 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(2):216-231
This study examines the advisability to distinguish dimensions of discipline, by evaluating the Dimensions of Discipline Inventory
(DDI, Straus and Fauchier 2007) in a sample of Belgian undergraduate students (N = 371) who retrospectively reported on their mothers’ and fathers’ discipline behaviors aimed at correcting child misbehavior
at age 10. First, confirmatory factor analyses showed that a model with nine factors fitted the data best, but also a model
with four second-order factors was acceptable. Second, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis with a Belgian and a U.S.
sample (N = 633) provided additional evidence for the nine-factor structure. Correlations between DDI scales and other parenting related
variables demonstrated meaningful relations. Additionally, some DDI subscales were associated with measures of current problem
behavior. To conclude, the present study illustrated that it is both useful and possible to differentiate between discipline
constructs. 相似文献
74.
The present study investigated gendered stereotypes involving women’s family size, employment, and occupation. Eleven ratings
of targets’ social and personality characteristics were ascribed by 400 undergraduates to a hypothetical married woman described
as voluntarily childfree or the mother of one, two, or eight children, and as nonemployed or employed either part or full
time in either a gender-appropriate or gender-inappropriate occupation. Women employed in gender-atypical occupations were
considered less expressive and were socially distanced, but this factor did not interact with family size. Two-children mothers
were regarded favorably as was employment. Prior findings denigrating single-child mothers and glorifying eight-children mothers
were not replicated—both groups were rated similar to normative, two-children mothers. Consistent with prior research, childfree
women were evaluated least favorably. Findings suggest that norms regarding both family size (two children) and employment
exist among contemporary college students.
The authors thank Pauline Beres for her help with data collection and entry. This paper was presented at the meeting of the
American Psychological Association in New York in 1995. 相似文献
75.
76.
Eunice Y. Chen PhD Karla C. Fettich MA Megan Tierney Psyd Hakeemah Cummings MA Johnny Berona BA Jessica Weissman BA Amanda Ward MS Kara Christensen BA Matthew Southward BA Kathryn H. Gordon PhD James Mitchell MD Emil Coccaro MD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2012,42(5):541-549
There are high rates of suicide ideation and/or behavior in severely obese individuals. The potential contributors to suicide ideation in a sample of 334 severely obese bariatric surgery candidates was explored. Lack of college education, a history of suicide ideation and/or behavior, psychological distress, hopelessness, loneliness, history of physical and/or sexual abuse, and lifetime major depression were associated with current suicide ideation. Some of the correlates of suicide ideation in severely obese bariatric surgery‐seeking samples are similar to those found in the general community and this knowledge may serve to improve the psychological assessment and care for this group. 相似文献
77.
78.
Numerous studies have shown that musicians outperform nonmusicians on a variety of tasks. Here we provide the first evidence that musicians have superior auditory recognition memory for both musical and nonmusical stimuli, compared to nonmusicians. However, this advantage did not generalize to the visual domain. Previously, we showed that auditory recognition memory is inferior to visual recognition memory. Would this be true even for trained musicians? We compared auditory and visual memory in musicians and nonmusicians using familiar music, spoken English, and visual objects. For both groups, memory for the auditory stimuli was inferior to memory for the visual objects. Thus, although considerable musical training is associated with better musical and nonmusical auditory memory, it does not increase the ability to remember sounds to the levels found with visual stimuli. This suggests a fundamental capacity difference between auditory and visual recognition memory, with a persistent advantage for the visual domain. 相似文献
79.
Experiments have shown that people can rapidly determine if categories such as "animal" or "beach" are present in scenes that are presented for only a few milliseconds. Typically, observers in these experiments report on one prespecified category. For the first time, we show that observers can rapidly extract information about multiple categories. Moreover, we demonstrate task-dependent interactions between accumulating information about different categories in a scene. This interaction can be constructive or destructive, depending on whether the presence of one category can be taken as evidence for or against the presence of the other. 相似文献
80.
Therese S. Kemper Rebecca Gerhardstein Karla K. Repper Janet A. Kistner 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2003,25(4):239-250
The effects of maternal (bias), child (age, severity of behavior problems), and measurement characteristics (similarity of parent and child measures; types of internalizing symptoms) on mother–child agreement on reports of children's internalizing symptoms were examined for 65 children referred for evaluation of ADHD. Agreement was low and did not improve when parents and children completed parallel measures. Mothers and children were more likely to agree on severity of internalizing symptoms rated as behavioral than those rated as ideational. The majority of discordant reports were of the type that mothers, but not children, reported clinically elevated symptoms. This type of discordance appeared to be a function of maternal negative bias rather than underreporting of symptoms by children. 相似文献