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801.
Karl Schafer 《Synthese》2014,191(12):2571-2591
In the following I discuss the debate between epistemological internalists and externalists from an unfamiliar meta-epistemological perspective. In doing so, I focus on the question of whether rationality is best captured in externalist or internalist terms. Using a conception of epistemic judgments as “doxastic plans,” I characterize one important subspecies of judgments about epistemic rationality—focusing on the distinctive rational/functional role these judgments play in regulating how we form beliefs. Then I show why any judgment that plays this role should be expected to behave the manner internalists predict. In this way, I argue, we can explain why our basic toolbox for epistemic evaluation includes an internalist conception of rationality. 相似文献
802.
Clinical Approaches to Conflicts Between Religious Values and Same‐Sex Attractions: Contrasting Gay‐Affirmative,Sexual Identity,and Change‐Oriented Models of Therapy 下载免费PDF全文
The literature germane to the care of clients presenting for psychotherapy with conflicts between their sexual orientation and religious values typically addresses the topic from within a particular therapeutic approach. This article addresses the issue from a broader perspective that takes into account 3 different paradigms: gay‐affirmative therapy, sexual identity therapy, and change‐oriented therapy. The authors describe the 3 approaches, compare and contrast them across several different key dimensions of theory and practice, and identify some strengths and potential limitations of each approach for assisting clients who are attempting to navigate the resolution of their conflict. 相似文献
803.
Karl E. Peters 《Zygon》2014,49(3):612-628
Since Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science was founded 49 years ago and since one of its co‐publishers, the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science (IRAS), was founded 60 years ago, there have been significant developments in their various cultural contexts—in science, in religion, in culture, in academia, and in the science and religion dialogue. This article is a personal remembrance and reflection that compares the context of IRAS in 1954 when it was first organized with the context of IRAS and Zygon today. It considers the contemporary niche of IRAS in relation to the developments that have occurred over the past 60 years. 相似文献
804.
Drawing what lies ahead: False intentions are more abstractly depicted than true intentions 下载免费PDF全文
Sofia Calderon Erik Mac Giolla Karl Ask Pär Anders Granhag 《Applied cognitive psychology》2018,32(4):518-522
The aim of this study was to examine how people mentally represent and depict true and false statements about claimed future actions—so‐called true and false intentions. On the basis of construal level theory, which proposes that subjectively unlikely events are more abstractly represented than likely ones, we hypothesized that false intentions should be represented at a more abstract level than true intentions. Fifty‐six hand drawings, produced by participants to describe mental images accompanying either true or false intentions, were rated on level of abstractness by a second set of participants (N = 117) blind to the veracity of the intentions. As predicted, drawings of false intentions were rated as more abstract than drawings of true intentions. This result advances the use of drawing‐based deception detection techniques to the field of true and false intentions and highlights the potential for abstractness as a novel cue to deceit. 相似文献
805.
The goal of the research reported in this article was to examine whether social categorization, commonly thought to be a function of accessibility and intra‐category fit, is also sensitive to changes in inter‐category fit. Intra‐category fit refers to the match between a target person's features and stored categorical knowledge, inter‐category fit to the extent to which category memberships and targets' features covary across perceived group members. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, members of social categories of low, medium, and high accessibility, respectively, were shown in a group discussion. Inter‐category fit was manipulated in three steps. Category salience in memory increased as an additive function of accessibility and inter‐category fit. Experiment 4 replicated the effects of inter‐category fit while intra‐category fit and the information presented for individual discussants were held constant. The present studies are the first to demonstrate an effect of inter‐category fit on a relatively direct measure of spontaneous social categorization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
806.
807.
In order to clarify whether the influence of color knowledge information in object recognition depends on the presence of the appropriate surface color, we designed a name-object verification task. The relationship between color and shape information provided by the name and by the object photo was manipulated in order to assess color interference independently of shape interference. We tested three different versions for each object: typically colored, black and white, and nontypically colored. The response times on the nonmatching trials were used to measure the interference between the name and the photo. We predicted that the more similar the name and the photo are, the longer it would take to respond. Overall, the color similarity effect disappeared in the black-and-white and nontypical color conditions, suggesting that the influence of color knowledge on object recognition depends on the presence of the appropriate surface color information. 相似文献
808.
Araújo S Pacheco A Faísca L Petersson KM Reis A 《International journal of psychology》2010,45(6):443-452
One implication of the double-deficit hypothesis for dyslexia is that there should be subtypes of dyslexic readers that exhibit rapid naming deficits with or without concomitant phonological processing problems. In the current study, we investigated the validity of this hypothesis for Portuguese orthography, which is more consistent than English orthography, by exploring different cognitive profiles in a sample of dyslexic children. In particular, we were interested in identifying readers characterized by a pure rapid automatized naming deficit. We also examined whether rapid naming and phonological awareness independently account for individual differences in reading performance. We characterized the performance of dyslexic readers and a control group of normal readers matched for age on reading, visual rapid naming and phonological processing tasks. Our results suggest that there is a subgroup of dyslexic readers with intact phonological processing capacity (in terms of both accuracy and speed measures) but poor rapid naming skills. We also provide evidence for an independent association between rapid naming and reading competence in the dyslexic sample, when the effect of phonological skills was controlled. Altogether, the results are more consistent with the view that rapid naming problems in dyslexia represent a second core deficit rather than an exclusive phonological explanation for the rapid naming deficits. Furthermore, additional non-phonological processes, which subserve rapid naming performance, contribute independently to reading development. 相似文献
809.
Kopp B Kizilirmak J Liebscher C Runge J Wessel K 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(4):523-540
Reports that visual search is more efficient for vertically than for horizontally shaded objects suggested that search is
influenced by a priori knowledge about the source of light. In this study, we examined search for targets defined by the orientation
of luminance gradients and measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In Experiment 1, we examined search for stimuli
that comprised gradual luminance differences. Response times showed the expected orientation anisotropy effect. ERP amplitudes
in the P1 latency range were slightly more positive in response to horizontally oriented stimuli, whereas P3 amplitudes were
more positive in response to nonsingleton vertically oriented stimuli. Experiment 2 compared search for stimuli that comprised
gradual versus step differences in luminance. All the anisotropies that we observed in Experiment 1 could be replicated in
Experiment 2. Moreover, these anisotropies were not dependent on the type of the luminance gradient. This finding is inconsistent
with the view that search efficiency is influenced by a priori knowledge about the source of light. The behavioral and electrophysiological
data are consistent with a context model of visual search. We propose that contextual modulation reduces redundancy and contributes
to computing the saliency of visual information by implementing divisive normalization and multiplicative filtering. 相似文献
810.
Karl Schafer 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2019,53(3):639-663
In this essay, I develop and defend a virtue‐theoretic conception of rationality as a capacity whose function is understanding, as opposed to mere truth or correctness. I focus on two main potential advantages of this view. First, its ability to explain the rationality of forms of explanatory reasoning, and second, its ability to offer a more unified account of theoretical and practical rationality. 相似文献