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11.
Previously reported experiments demonstrated changes in the relation of visual direction to retinal locus for stimulation during voluntary saccades as compared to this relation before saccade initiation. The quantitative features of these results led to the prediction, confirmed in the present experiments, that there are shifts in visual direction for stimulation presented before the saccade itself. In the present report, monotonically increasing shifts were mapped with stimuli presented as early as 240 msec before the saccade up to the saccade itself. Such shifts cannot be accounted for readily by “inflowing” processes, and while “outflowing” processes seem to be implicated, their quantitative characteristics would need to be considerably different from those required by classical outflow theories. 相似文献
12.
Karin Klenke 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1993,12(4):326-343
This research examines the extent to which meta-analysis of leadership research fulfills its promise to bring order into a
body of literature characterized by inconsistent, equivocal findings. Manual and computer searches yielded 14 meta-analyses
which clustered around the following leadership topics: (1) theories of leadership (n=7); (2) leadership in small groups (n=2);
and gender differences in leadership (n=5). In all three categories, the results of the meta-analyses were as inconsistent
as those of primary research. Differences in the types of meta-analystic techniques used, differences in judgment calls including
decisions defining the research domain, establishing criteria for inclusion of studies, coding characteristics and selection
of potential moderators are, at least in part, responsible for the differences observed. In addition, areas of leadership
research which have produced sizable bodies of empirical studies such as the effects of power on leadership outcomes, leader
effectiveness as well as the effects of leadership competencies and leadership contexts on leader-follower relations have
not been subjected to statistical aggregation and summarization of results across studies. Recommendations for improving the
quality of meta-analytic research on leadership are offered. 相似文献
13.
There is evidence that adaptation to chronic illness may be affected by psychological factors, especially how patients appraise and cope with the stress of their illness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of stress appraisal and coping responses to multiple behavioral indices of illness adjustment among patients with diverse chronic medical conditions. One hundred and one patients admitted to a multidisciplinary medicine/psychiatry unit completed measures of functional impairment, depression, symptom severity, and the Ways of Coping Checklist--Revised. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that emotion-focused coping was positively related to poor psychosocial adjustment and depression after controlling for physician rated disease severity. Appraising chronic illness as holding one back predicted greater emotion-focused coping responses and poorer adjustment to illness. The use of problem-focused coping strategies was generally unrelated to illness adjustment. These findings suggest the presence of an emotion-focused coping triad consisting of wishful thinking, self blame, and avoidance, all of which appear to be maladaptive strategies when coping with chronic medical conditions. Implications for coping skills training and the need for longitudinal research is discussed. 相似文献
14.
Jordan Howard Sobel 《The Philosophical quarterly》1997,47(186):55-72
A theory of right action is implicit in Hume's delineation of the virtues. It gives qualified priority to 'rules of justice' as Hume's remarks on 'that species of utility which attends this virtue' require. It is a useful actual-rule, not an ideal possible-rule, purely utilitarian theory that discounts rules of justice in 'extraordinary cases', has a problem when rules conflict, and invites the question 'Why not hark directly to the supreme law of utility in every case?'. It does not reflect contractarian considerations of mutuality of interests evident in Hume's texts, which while sometimes relevant to what is reasonable, are in his view never also relevant to what is moral. 相似文献
15.
Karin Rudberg 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1995,8(3):71-84
This article describes an extensive audit of the work of government agencies against business crime in Sweden, as an example
of a performance evaluation by an auditing institution. Business crime was shown to be a major and growing social problem.
Manifold measures are required, and these must be directed and coordinated by the Government and the Riksdag. The cooperation
of the commercial sector is also needed.
The investigation was made by the Parliamentary Auditors of Sweden, which is the smaller of the two auditing institutions
in the country. The method used in the investigation can be described as an “interactive” one. The intention was to create
a thorough understanding of the issue and a shared approach to the problem. This aim seems to have been achieved to a great
extent.
Karin Rudberg is one of the audit directors at the Office of the Parliamentary Auditors of Sweden. She is an eonomist with
experience in investigations of many different fields, such as restructuring government agencies, evaluation of energy research
policies, and analyses of the Swedish industrial structure and labor market. 相似文献
16.
Karin Mogg Brendan P. Bradley Nina Hallowell 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1994,47(4):841-864
Attentional biases for threat stimuli were assessed in high and low trait anxious subjects (n = 66) using a probe detection task. To examine the effects of trait anxiety and situational stressors, each subject was tested three times: Under no stress, laboratory-induced stress, and examination-induced stress. To evaluate the role of awareness, half the word stimuli were presented very briefly (14 msec) and masked, and the other half were presented for 500 msec without a mask. Results showed that high trait anxious subjects under exam stress showed an attentional bias towards unmasked threat stimuli compared with low trait subjects. This effect was not found under lab-induced stress, suggesting that the attentional bias for unmasked threat in high trait subjects may be a function of a prolonged stressor, rather than a transient increase in state anxiety. The results from the masked exposure condition were not predicted; high trait anxious subjects shifted attention towards the spatial location of threat words despite lack of awareness of their lexical content, but this bias was only apparent in the no-stress condition. The results are discussed in relation to recent cognitive theories of anxiety. 相似文献
17.
Marek Franěk Jiři Mates Tomáš Radil Karin Beck Ernst Pöppel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1994,55(2):204-217
Musically trained and untrained subjects (N=30) were asked to synchronize their finger tapping with stimuli in auditory patterns. Each pattern comprised six successive tonal stimuli of the same duration, the first of which was accented by a different frequency. The duration of interstimulus onset intervals (ISIs) gradually increased or decreased in constant steps toward the end of the patterns. Four values of such steps were used in different trials: 20, 30, 45, and 60 msec. Various time-control mechanisms are hypothesized as being simultaneously responsible for subjects’ incorrect reproduction of the internal temporal ratios of the stimulus patterns. The mechanism of assimilation (of a central tendency) led subjects to enforce a regular (isochronous) structure on the patterns. The influence of other time-control mechanisms (distinction, subjective expression of an accent, sequential transfer) was expressed mainly in differences between intertap onset intervals (ITIs) and the corresponding ISIs at the beginning of the patterns. The duration of the first two ITIs was in the majority of the trials in an inverse ratio to the ratio of the respective ISIs. The distortions resulting from the timing mechanisms concerned were more pronounced in the performance of nonmusicians than in that of musicians. 相似文献
18.
T Jordan 《Perceptual and motor skills》1978,46(2):667-674
30 elderly subjects were matched with 30 young subjects and tested on a kinesthetic short-term memory task which required the replication of criterion moves after a variable retention interval under conditions of either rest, differing interpolated movement tasks, or mental activity. A visual control condition was used. Differing interference and temporal decrements were observed. Both old and young subjects differed significantly between sighted and blindfold conditions; however, there was no difference between the performance of the old and the young in the blindfold (kinesthetic) condition. These findings were discussed with respect to practical implications for the retraining of old subjects on certain motor tasks. 相似文献
19.
20.
Jordan Howard Sobel 《Synthese》1991,86(2):143-172
It is plausible that Newcomb problems in which causal maximizers and evidential maximizers would do different things would not be possible for ideal maximizers who are attentive to metatickles. An objection to Eells's first argument for this makes welcome a second. Against it I argue that even ideal evidential and causal maximizers would do different things in some non-dominance Newcomb problems; and that they would hope for different things in some third-person and non-action problems, which is relevant if a good theory of rational choices of acts should fit smoothly into a good theory of rational desires for facts.This paper elaborates on Section V of Sobel. forthcoming. 相似文献