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21.
Developmental Differences in Metacognition and their Connections with Cognitive Development in Adulthood 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated developmental differences in some metacognitive variables in ill-defined problem solving and their
possible connections with cognitive development in adulthood. Participants were 57 individuals of different ages (adolescents,
young adults, mature adults and older adults). They solved one well-defined and six ill-defined problems while their thinking-aloud
was taped. They then answered a metacognitive statements questionnaire. Differences in performance were statistically significant
in all problems: the best results in interpolation and divergent production problems were achieved by the younger adult group
and the best performance on most dialectical everyday problems was found in the mature adults' group. We found no significant
differences between age groups in the on-line monitoring of the solving process. Accuracy in metacognitive statements was
however significantly better in the mature adult and the younger adult groups. Awareness of and reflection on one's own mental
processes showed a similar developmental pattern to relativistic/dialectical thought: low expression in adolescence, an increase
in early adulthood, a peak in mature adulthood and a minor decline in later years. 相似文献
22.
To investigate the contested role of notional number in English subject-verb agreement, we used a sentence completion task
to examine agreement with minimally different subject noun-phrases, such as the gang on the motorcycles and the gang near
the motorcycles. These contrasting phrases biased different notional construals of collective nouns, such as gang, which are
normally ambiguous between plural (distributed) and singular (collected) construals. With subjects biased toward spatial distribution,
such as gang on motorcycles, more plural verbs occurred in speakers’ sentence completions than in sentence completions with
a bias toward spatial collection such as gang near motorcycles. This offers strong evidence regarding both the existence and
the magnitude of notional effects on subject-verb number agreement in English. 相似文献
23.
24.
Psychological distress,help‐seeking,and perceived barriers to psychological treatment among Australian parents 下载免费PDF全文
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26.
Vocal tract resonances, called formants, are the most important parameters in human speech production and perception. They
encode linguistic meaning and have been shown to be perceived by a wide range of species. Songbirds are also sensitive to
different formant patterns in human speech. They can categorize words differing only in their vowels based on the formant
patterns independent of speaker identity in a way comparable to humans. These results indicate that speech perception mechanisms
are more similar between songbirds and humans than realized before. One of the major questions regarding formant perception
concerns the weighting of different formants in the speech signal (“acoustic cue weighting”) and whether this process is unique
to humans. Using an operant Go/NoGo design, we trained zebra finches to discriminate syllables, whose vowels differed in their
first three formants. When subsequently tested with novel vowels, similar in either their first formant or their second and
third formants to the familiar vowels, similarity in the higher formants was weighted much more strongly than similarity in
the lower formant. Thus, zebra finches indeed exhibit a cue weighting bias. Interestingly, we also found that Dutch speakers
when tested with the same paradigm exhibit the same cue weighting bias. This, together with earlier findings, supports the
hypothesis that human speech evolution might have exploited general properties of the vertebrate auditory system. 相似文献
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In a recent article, Schwartz (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17:82?C87, 2010) reported the effects of emotion on tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs). He found increased TOTs for emotion-inducing questions, as well as a carryover effect in which high TOT rates were observed following emotion-inducing questions. In the present study, we sought to replicate these findings while controlling for word frequency, but we found an increased TOT rate neither for emotion-inducing questions nor following emotion-inducing questions. We report three attempts to replicate Schwartz??s (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17:82?C87, 2010) effect that focused on systematic differences in word frequency between stimulus sets in the original study; none of the key findings reported by Schwartz (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17:82?C87, 2010) were found in any of the experiments. These results fail to support prior claims concerning the effects of emotion on TOTs Schwartz (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17:82?C87, 2010). The discussion focuses on the importance of controlling for systematic differences in word characteristics between groups of items. 相似文献
29.
Karin?S.?NijhofEmail author Ad?Vermulst Ron?H.?J.?Scholte Coleta?van?Dam Jan?Willem?Veerman Rutger?C.?M.?E.?Engels 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):59-70
The present study examined whether a sample of 214 (52.8% male, M age = 15.76, SD = 1.29) institutionalized adolescents could be classified into subgroups based on psychopathic traits. Confirmatory Factor
Analyses revealed a relationship between the subscales of the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) and the three latent
constructs of the original model on which it is based. Latent Class Analyses showed that adolescents showing psychopathic
traits could be classified into three subgroups. The first group showed low scores on the grandiose/manipulative dimension,
the callous/unemotional dimension, and the impulsive/irresponsible dimension (normal group). The second group scored moderate
on the grandiose/manipulative dimension and the callous/unemotional dimension and high on the impulsive/irresponsible dimension
(impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group). The third group scored high on all three dimensions (psychopathy-like group). The
findings revealed that the impulsive, non-psychopathic like group scored significantly higher on internalizing problem behavior
compared to the normal group, while the psychopathy-like and the impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group both scored higher
on externalizing problem behavior compared to the normal group. Based on a self-report delinquency measure, it appeared that
the psychopathy-like group had the highest delinquency rates, except for vandalism. Both the impulsive and psychopathy-like
group had the highest scores on the use of soft drugs. 相似文献
30.