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951.
The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery offers a multifaceted, empirically supported interpretive framework for neuropsychological assessment founded upon raw scores referenced to a brain-damaged sample. Complementary approaches have used T scores from normal samples often composed of community volunteers or medical patients, augmented by regression. By pooling normal controls of all types from published studies, a sample large enough for stratification of core Halstead-Reitan measures by age and education was obtained (206 studies, N1 = 17,980). Comparisons based on T scores with two published normative systems in an outpatient sample produced a continuum: liberal norms for medical patients, intermediate pooled values from many types of subjects, and stringent norms for community volunteers. Features recommending clinical application of pooled norms include enhanced accuracy in clinical situations precluding a full battery, few empty cells or inversions for nonelderly subjects, and a screening application based upon a very large Trail Making Test sample (Trails B: n > 14,000). 相似文献
952.
Lambert SF Nylund-Gibson K Copeland-Linder N Ialongo NS 《American journal of community psychology》2010,46(3-4):289-302
This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of community violence exposure and malleable predictors of these exposure patterns among a community sample of 543 urban African American early adolescents (45.3% female; mean age: 11.76). In each of grades 6, 7, and 8, latent class analyses revealed two patterns of community violence exposure: high exposure and low exposure. For the majority of participants, experiences with community violence were similar at each grade. Impulsive behavior and depressive symptoms distinguished adolescents in the high and low exposure classes in grade 6. Implications for interventions to prevent community violence exposure are discussed. 相似文献
953.
This study examined the hypothesis that maternal socialization of coping would make a differential contribution to youth depression
and externalizing psychopathology depending on youths’ level of exposure to life stress. A sample of 155 youth (M age = 12.41, SD = 1.21) and their maternal caregivers completed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires in a two-wave longitudinal
study over a 1-year period. Results provided evidence for two types of socialization × stress interactions—an amplification-effects
model and a differential-effects model. In the context of interpersonal stress, findings supported an amplification-effects
model wherein the risk and protective effects of engagement and disengagement socialization of coping emerged in youth exposed
to high but not mild levels of stress. In the context of noninterpersonal stress, findings supported a differential-effects
model wherein disengagement socialization of coping contributed to heightened risk among youth exposed to high stress but
dampened risk among youth exposed to mild stress. This research identifies maternal socialization of coping as a noteworthy
contributor to risk for youth psychopathology, and highlights the need to consider parenting × environment interactions when
investigating parenting processes related to youth psychopathology. 相似文献
954.
Stacey R. Bromberg Toni L. Backman Julie Krow Karen A. Frankel 《Infant mental health journal》2010,31(3):255-276
The specialized needs of pregnant and parenting women in the treatment of drug addiction must not be underestimated. The impact of substance abuse on developmental outcomes for young infants and children supports the notion that attention to the parent–child relationship is a critical aspect of addiction treatment for this population. As such, the standard of care appears to be shifting from separating mothers and young children while the mother completes addiction treatment to women residing with their children while in treatment and receiving concurrent addiction treatment and parenting education. While parenting education is important, it may not provide the needed relationship intervention to address the myriad of issues often present for female recovering addicts and their children. This article describes the evolution and workings of a program for integrating infant mental health practice into a long‐term residential treatment community for pregnant and parenting women with addiction. The principles and structure of the modified therapeutic community are described, as are the ways in which infant mental health practice have been effectively integrated and incorporated into the addiction treatment philosophy. A case example is provided, and clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
955.
Robert B. McCall Christina J. Groark Larry Fish Diane Harkins Gabriela Serrano Karen Gordon 《Infant mental health journal》2010,31(5):521-542
A pilot intervention that emphasized training and technical assistance to promote warm, sensitive, and responsive one‐on‐one caregiver–child interactions primarily during feeding and bathing/changing was implemented using regular staff in a depressed orphanage for children birth to approximately 8 years of age in Latin America. Despite a variety of unanticipated irregularities in the implementation of the intervention, many beyond the researchers' control, ward environments improved; caregivers displayed more warm, sensitive, and responsive interactions with children; and children improved an average of 13.5 developmental quotient (DQ) points after 4+ months' exposure to the completed intervention. Furthermore, 82% of the children had DQs greater than 70 before the intervention, but only 27.8% did so afterward. Although the training for all caregivers was aimed at children birth to 3 years, the number of different caregivers was reduced, and technical assistance was provided only to caregivers serving children less than 3 years, younger and older children (3–8 years) improved approximately the same amount. However, children who were transitioned from a younger to an older ward during the intervention improved less than did children who remained in either a younger or an older ward, the first evidence suggesting that the common orphanage practice of periodically graduating children from one homogeneous age group to another may impede their development. The study is consistent with others that have shown that orphanages can be changed, and increases primarily in warm, sensitive, responsive caregiver–child interactions can produce improvements in children's development. 相似文献
956.
Facial expressions are a basic form of non-verbal communication that convey important social information to others. The relevancy of this information is highlighted by findings that backward masked facial expressions facilitate spatial attention. This attention effect appears to be mediated through a neural network consisting of the amygdala, anterior cingulate, and visual cortex. However, a direct investigation of the neural time course associated with orienting to such stimuli has yet to be performed. In the current investigation, a backward masked fearful face dot-probe task was performed while ERPs were recorded. Reaction time results suggest that spatial attention is captured by backward masked fearful faces and attention is focused at the location of the fear stimulus. Masked right visual field fearful faces enhanced the N170 amplitudes of contralateral occipito-temporal electrodes. The rapid contralateral N170 enhancement was positively correlated with participants’ behavioral index of spatial attention. Thus, backward masked fearful face-elicited spatial attention facilitates behavior and modulates the early stage of facial processing reflected by the N170. 相似文献
957.
Participants have difficulty in reporting the second of two masked targets if the second target is presented within 500 ms
of the first target—an attentional blink (AB). Individual participants differ in the magnitude of their AB. The present study
employed an individual differences design and two visual working memory tasks to examine whether visual working memory capacity
and/or the ability to exclude irrelevant information from visual working memory (working memory filtering efficiency) could
predict individual differences in the AB. Visual working memory capacity was positively related to filtering efficiency, but
did not predict AB magnitude. However, the degree to which irrelevant stimuli were admitted into visual working memory (i.e.,
poor filtering efficiency) was positively correlated with AB magnitude over and above visual working memory capacity. Good
filtering efficiency may benefit the AB by not allowing irrelevant RSVP distractors to gain access to working memory. 相似文献
958.
Perroud N Uher R Dieben K Nicastro R Huguelet P 《Journal of personality disorders》2010,24(5):634-650
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness, and predictors of response and drop-out during a four-week course of intensive dialectical behavior therapy (I-DBT) in 447 outpatients suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD), over a 10-year period. Assessments included a diagnostic interview, the International Personality Disorder Examination Screening Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Among these participants, 103 started a second course of treatment. In agreement with previous reports, I-DBT was effective in reducing levels of depression and hopelessness with a trend of increasing effectiveness over the study period. High schizoid scores and low narcissistic score predicted poor response. Treatment completion rate was high, and low education predicted dropout. A discussion on the usefulness of a second course of treatment should be held with patients and staff as it was not effective in reducing depression and hopelessness. 相似文献
959.
Joyce Rupert Karen A. Jehn Marloes L. van Engen Renée S. M. de Reuver 《Journal of business and psychology》2010,25(1):25-37
Purpose
In this study, we investigated the commitment of cultural minorities and majorities in organizations. We examined how contextual factors, such as pressure to conform and leadership styles, affect the commitment of minority and majority members. 相似文献960.
Karen Nieuwenhuijsen Jos H. A. M. Verbeek Angela G. E. M. de Boer Roland W. B. Blonk Frank J. H. van Dijk 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2010,28(2):57-72
It remains unclear if patients with different types of common mental disorders, such as adjustment, anxiety and depressive
disorders, have the same irrational ideas. The aim of this prospective cohort study (n = 190) is to investigate differences in level and type of irrational beliefs among these groups and to examine whether a
change in irrational beliefs is related to symptom recovery. Irrational beliefs (IBI) and symptoms were measured at four points
in time: at baseline, after 3, 6 and 12 months. Results showed that diagnostic groups differed in their level of irrational
beliefs and this effect remained over time. Highest levels of irrationality were observed in the double diagnosis group, followed
by the anxiety disorder group and the depression group. Participants with adjustment disorders showed the lowest levels of
irrationality, comparable to a community sample. We did not find differences in the type of irrational beliefs between diagnostic
groups. The level of irrationality declined over time for all diagnostic groups. No differences in decrease were observed
between diagnostic groups. The magnitude and direction of change in irrational beliefs were related to the magnitude of recovery
of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms over time. These results support the application of general cognitive interventions,
especially for patients with a depressive or an anxiety disorder. 相似文献