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971.
Tattoo is a practice that is thousands of years old, appearing in virtually every corner of the world. Since the rise and expansion of organized nation states, it has often been subject to negative judgments, identified with a primitive cultural level, low social status, or even criminality. This article provides a brief overview of the history of tattoo, identifying associated cultural complexes and considering factors in the contemporary resurgence of tattoo's popularity. Against this backdrop, a qualitative study of a group of contemporary tattoo wearers is presented. Selected tattoos are reproduced and examined in detail from a psychological perspective, along with the wearers' own accounts of their motivations and experiences. From these accounts emerge five basic themes: self-empowerment, identification with a group, memorialization, “a message to oneself,” and the transformation of pain into beauty. Broader consideration is then given to different levels of meaning that a tattoo may carry for the wearer, working from examples of a particular motif often chosen: that of birds. Previous authors have pathologized wearers as masochistic, due to the pain involved in receiving a tattoo. Others tend to view tattoo as purely ornamental in function. The purpose of this article is to balance the picture by remaining open to tattoo as an expression of psyche. The emerging story is one in which choosing, receiving, and wearing a tattoo can be part of living a symbolic life. 相似文献
972.
Joyce E. Bono Phillip W. Braddy Yihao Liu Elisabeth K. Gilbert John W. Fleenor Louis N. Quast Bruce A. Center 《Personnel Psychology》2017,70(4):729-768
We attempt to make sense of ongoing gender disparities in the upper ranks of organizations by examining gender bias in leaders’ assessments of managers’ derailment potential. In a large managerial sample (Study 1: N ~ 12,500), we found that ineffective interpersonal behaviors were slightly less frequent among female managers but slightly more damaging to women than men when present. Evidence of bias was not found in performance evaluations but emerged when leaders were asked about derailment potential in the future. We replicated this pattern of effects in a second large managerial sample (Study 2: N ~ 35,500) and in two experimental studies (Studies 3 and 4) in which gender and interpersonal behaviors were manipulated. In Study 4, we also showed that when supervisors believe that a manager might derail in the future, they tend to withdraw mentoring support and sponsorship, which are especially critical for women's career advancement. Our research highlights the importance of leaders’ perceptions of derailment potential—which differ from evaluations of performance or promotability—both because they appear to be subject to stereotype‐based gender bias and because they have important implications for the mentoring and sponsorship that male and female managers receive. 相似文献
973.
Jamie L. Gorman Kent D. Harber Maggie Shiffrar Karen S. Quigley 《European journal of social psychology》2017,47(1):53-71
Is perception of human motion affected by psychosocial resources? According to the Resources and Perception Model, perception is jointly affected by subjective threat and psychosocial resources that buffer threat. Two experiments tested whether social threat (i.e., ostracism) and psychosocial resources affect perception of human motion. Observers attempted to identify human movement in ambiguous point‐light displays after being ostracized or not ostracized. Additionally, trait resources (self‐esteem plus social support) were measured (Studies 1 and 2), and self‐affirmation was manipulated (Study 2). Study 1 showed that ostracism reduced sensitivity for detecting human motion but not among people with ample trait resources. Study 2 replicated this ostracism‐by‐trait resources interaction. It also showed that self‐affirmation improved human motion perception for all included participants but only benefited ostracized participants with ample trait resources. These studies show that a basic visual skill—detecting human motion—is jointly affected by social threats and psychosocial resources. 相似文献
974.
Choosing between conciliatory and oppositional leaders: The role of out‐group signals and in‐group leader candidates' collective action tactics 下载免费PDF全文
In this paper, we examine the role of out‐group signals and in‐group leader tactics in the choice and evaluation of rival in‐group leader candidates. Study 1 found preference for a negotiating in‐group leader over an oppositional leader, mediated by perceived leader effectiveness and prototypicality. In Study 2, participants chose a leader who had received out‐group endorsement, and in Studies 3 and 4, participants chose a negotiating in‐group leader where the out‐group was prepared to negotiate and an oppositional leader where the out‐group was not prepared to negotiate. In the latter three studies, there was evidence for participants being strategic in their choices: effects were mediated by effectiveness but not prototypicality. These findings suggest our understanding of collective action will be enriched through attention to the situational cues provided by out‐groups, and to the context of competing voices of collective action leadership. 相似文献
975.
Anxiety,Sophistication, and Resistance to Persuasion: Evidence from a Quasi‐Experimental Survey on Global Climate Change 下载免费PDF全文
Our contribution deals with the emotional and cognitive foundations of resistance to persuasive information. We rely on an original quasi‐experimental protocol that simulates the flow of information and the respondents' reactions to persuasive arguments on global climate change. Respondents in a representative sample (N = 604) were asked if they supported reduction of economic activity to reduce climate warming and were then provided, based on their support or disapproval for this first argument, with counterattitudinal arguments to test their resistance to persuasion. This article highlights that sophistication strengthens resistance to persuasion, whereas anxiety has a double effect: directly, it decreases resistance; indirectly, it interacts with political sophistication and makes sophisticates less likely to resist persuasion when facing arguments inconsistent with their previous beliefs. Nonanxious citizens, in turn, are more likely to resist persuasion when their political sophistication increases. We also provide evidence that the joint effect of anxiety and sophistication is moderated by the ideological identification of respondents. 相似文献
976.
Karen M. Keptner 《Occupational Therapy in Mental Health》2017,33(4):308-325
The long-term impact of a 5-week, occupation-based intervention to address the life transition of university students into young adulthood is presented here. Study participants showed statistically significant gains from baseline to long-term follow-up in both occupational performance and performance satisfaction. In post hoc analyses, occupational performance maintained a level of significance. During a time of rapid change, occupation-based interventions have the potential to provide transitioning university freshmen students the skills that they need for a successful transition into a university. Changes in the structure, timing, and focus of the intervention and studies using more diverse and larger samples are warranted. 相似文献
977.
Fiona Kate Barlow Winnifred R. Louis Deborah J. Terry 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(5):805-818
The present study investigated the attitudes of one disadvantaged minority group in Australia, Asian Australians (N = 87), towards another more severely disadvantaged minority group, Aboriginal Australians. Asian Australian attitudes were compared to European Australian attitudes (N = 273). Cognitions of outgroup rejection, identification and intergroup anxiety were assessed in relation modern racism, desire for intergroup avoidance and support for a national apology. Both Asian and European participants who perceived Aboriginal Australians as rejecting were more likely to express intergroup anxiety. Anxiety mediated the relationship between cognitions of rejection and the dependent variables. Whilst there was a direct positive relationship between European Australian identification and prejudice, for Asian Australian participants, identification moderated the relationship between cognitions of rejection and the dependent variables. Highly identified Asian Australian participants were particularly sensitive to cognitions of rejection, which increased modern racism and avoidance and lowered political support. The pattern was reversed for low identifiers, who were more likely to endorse a national apology to Aboriginal Australians when they perceived Aboriginal Australians as rejecting. The role of perceived rejection in predicting prejudice and avoidance, and the moderating role of Asian Australian identification, are both discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
978.
Larry L. Jacoby Christopher N. Wahlheim Matthew G. Rhodes Karen A. Daniels Chad S. Rogers 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(6):820-829
Results from two experiments revealed that prior experience with proactive interference (PI) diminished PI’s effects for both
young and older adults. Participants were given two rounds of experience, with different materials, in a situation that produced
PI. Comparisons with a control condition showed that the effects of PI on accuracy and on high-confidence intrusion errors
(false memory) were reduced on the second round, as compared with those on the first. Also, the ability of confidence to diagnose
accuracy of responding improved across rounds. Effects of prior experience with PI depended on feedback given at the time
of test (Experiment 1). At least in part, the diminishment of PI resulted from participants’ allocating more attention to
interference items during study in the second round than in the first (Experiment 2). Implications of the results for interpreting
age differences in PI and false memory are discussed. 相似文献
979.
Michelle M. Martel Molly Nikolas Katherine Jernigan Karen Friderici Joel T. Nigg 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):633-643
Personality traits may be viable candidates for mediators of the relationship between genetic risk and ADHD. Participants
were 578 children (331 boys; 320 children with ADHD) between the ages of six and 18. Parents and teachers completed a comprehensive,
multi-stage diagnostic procedure to assess ADHD and comorbid disorders. Mother completed the California Q-Sort to assess child
Big Five personality traits. Children provided buccal samples of DNA which were assayed for selected markers on DRD4, DAT1,
and ADRA2A. An additive genetic risk composite was associated with ADHD symptoms and maladaptive personality traits; maladaptive
personality traits were associated with ADHD symptoms. Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism partially mediated the relationship
between genetic risk and ADHD symptoms. Mediation effects for conscientiousness were specific to inattentive symptoms; effects
for neuroticism generalized to all disruptive behaviors. High neuroticism and low conscientiousness may be useful as early
markers for children at risk for ADHD. 相似文献
980.
Diana Carbone Louis A. Schmidt Charles C. Cunningham Angela E. McHolm Shannon Edison Jeff St. Pierre Michael H. Boyle 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1057-1067
We examined differences among 158 children, 44 with selective mutism (SM; M = 8.2 years, SD = 3.4 years), 65 with mixed anxiety (MA; M = 8.9 years, SD = 3.2 years), and 49 community controls (M = 7.7 years, SD = 2.6 years) on primary caregiver, teacher, and child reports of behavioral and socio-emotional functioning. Children with
SM were rated lower than controls on a range of social skills, but the SM and MA groups did not significantly differ on many
of the social skills and anxiety measures. However, children with SM were rated higher than children with MA and controls
on social anxiety. Findings suggest that SM may be conceptualized as an anxiety disorder, with primary deficits in social
functioning and social anxiety. This interpretation supports a more specific classification of SM as an anxiety disorder for
future diagnostic manuals than is currently described in the literature. The present findings also have implications for clinical
practice, whereby social skills training merits inclusion in intervention for children with anxiety disorders as well as children
with SM. 相似文献