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921.
Many women have undergone a significant life transition from a heterosexual marriage to a lesbian life pattern. As facilitators of life transitions, counselors can play an important role in minimizing the pain and maximizing the growth involved in such a change. This article provides counselors with information about the diversity of this life transition and then discusses three areas in which counselors may facilitate this process by helping clients to (a) develop a positive identity as a lesbian, (b) adapt to their relationships with women partners, and (c) deal with work-related issues arising from the changed life pattern. 相似文献
922.
Participants in research on discrimination consistently rate discrimination directed at their group higher than at themselves personally as a member of that group. In order to examine this personal/group discrimination discrepancy, women were asked to spontaneously verbalize their thoughts as they made ratings for personal and group discrimination on 11-point scales. In Study 1, university women who raised a greater number of life domains for group discrimination than for personal discrimination showed a larger personal/group discrimination discrepancy because of lower ratings for personal discrimination. An analysis of participants' protocols revealed that many attended to different domains when rating personal and group discrimination, and that these participants showed a larger personal/group discrimination discrepancy because of lower ratings for personal discrimination. Participants' ratings for group discrimination did not differ as a function of the number or content of the domains. The findings were replicated in Study 2 with working women, and are identified as two contributing factors to the personal/group discrimination discrepancy. The societal implications of the results are discussed in terms of the tendency for disadvantaged group members to downplay their personal experience with discrimination because it does not fit the stereotype of what is being experienced by the group. 相似文献
923.
924.
Beyond the qualitative paradigm: A framework for introducing diversity within qualitative psychology
The case for qualitative research in psychology is considered. We argue against the idea that qualitative research is merely a matter of technique or method, and question the utility of viewing it as a unitary paradigm. Rather, the links between epistemology, methodology, and method are explored within three theorized strands of qualitative inquiry, making reference to illustrative projects. Each strand is organized around a different approach to the issues of justifying and warranting psychological knowledge: (1) reliability and validity; (2) generativity and grounding; and (3) discourse and reflexivity. These are exemplified in Miles and Huberman's ‘data display’ model, Glaser and Strauss' method of ‘grounded theory’, and in various forms of ‘discourse’ analysis. Reflections upon points of contact between the three strands address two main issues: (1) rendering research publicly accountable; and (2) challenging relativism. 相似文献
925.
Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Lisa H. Jaycox Karen J. Reivich Jane Gillham Martin E. P. Seligman 《Behaviour research and therapy》1994,32(8):801-816
This paper describes the development and preliminary efficacy of a program designed to prevent depressive symptoms in at-risk 10–13 year-olds, and relates the findings to the current understanding of childhood depression. The treatment targets depressive symptoms and related difficulties such as conduct problems, low academic achievement, low social competence, and poor peer relations, by proactively teaching cognitive techniques. Children were identified as ‘at-risk’ based on depressive symptoms and their reports of parental conflict. Sixty-nine children participated in treatment groups and were compared to 73 children in control groups. Depressive symptoms were significantly reduced and classroom behavior was significantly improved in the treatment group as compared to controls at post-test. Six-month follow-up showed continued reduction in depressive symptoms, as well as significantly fewer externalizing conduct problems, as compared to controls. The reduction in symptoms was most pronounced in the children who were most at risk. 相似文献
926.
Karen Seashore Louis 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1994,7(4):34-54
There has been increasing concern in a number of countries about the perceived deterioration of schools that serve immigrant,
minority or poor children. Field reports suggest that such schools tend to be bureaucratic, politicized, and isolated from
the most up-to-date information about educational innovations that may improve the educational opportunities for disadvantaged
children. Even in countries with relatively well-established dissemination systems, these schools may be “out of the knowledge
utilization loop.” In this paper, the organizational properties of U.S. urban schools that may lead to their isolation from
knowledge will be discussed, and a variety of strategies to improve dissemination and utilization will be outlined, including
political/community organizing, linking dissemination to organization development, increasing the salience of ties between
universities and schools, the development of teacher networks, and action research. The paper will conclude with some principles
for designing a dissemination system that will effectively promote knowledge utilization in urban centers. p]The conditions
in some of our schools are so bad, and the physical and social environments in which these schools are located are so frightful,
that we may have to cross off some...as expendable. (Halpin, 1966, as quoted in Englert, 1993: 3.)
Her research and teaching interests include innovation processes in education, knowledge use in schools, and schools as workplaces.
Recent publications include articles on social values and the quality of teacher work life,Reforming the Urban High School: What Works and Why with Matthew B. Miles, andReshaping the Principalship, with Joe Murphy.
The preparation of this paper was supported, in part, by the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Center for Effective Secondary
Schools, which was funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement (Grant No. G-008690007).
Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views
of either of the supporting agencies. An earlier version was presented at a conference on dissemination and school improvement
held at Haifa University, June 1993. 相似文献
927.
This study was designed to assess the impact of a parent training programme run by the Eastern Health Board (EHB) on two factors, child behaviour and mothers' general well-being. Thirty-nine mothers (Experimental group), and forty mothers on a waiting list for the course (Control group), were assessed before the Experimental group commenced the course and again when the Experimental group had completed the course. The Experimental group was also assessed one year after completing the course. Although initially the Control group started from a slightly better position, statistically significant for one of the four measures, mothers in the Experimental group changed more during the course and rated their children as having fewer and less intense behavioural problems, and saw themselves as having fewer psychological symptoms and increased levels of self-esteem at post-course assessment. These beneficial effects were maintained at follow-up. 相似文献
928.
Karen E. Smith Susan H. Landry Cynthia L. Miller-Loncar Paul R. Swank 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》1997,18(4):587-601
Disadvantaged mothers' use of interactive strategies which maintained their infants' focus of attention were examined at 6, 12, and 24 months to evaluate for patterns in this interactive strategy and determine if patterns could be predicted from early infant and maternal characteristics. Four distinct clusters were identified with mothers in each cluster increasing in their use of maintaining over time but differing in the age at which the increase occurred. While infants' biologic risk was unrelated to cluster membership, more positive scores on mothers' perceptions of child rearing history, child rearing attitudes, self-esteem, and social support when the infants were 6 months old were reported by mothers who displayed a pattern of high levels and steady increase in maintaining. More negative scores on these characteristics were reported by mothers who displayed low levels of maintaining and delays in increasing this interactive strategy. Results are discussed in light of disadvantaged mothers' ability to adapt to their infants' changing needs and early identification of mothers' who may have greater difficulty in the adaptational process. 相似文献
929.
930.
Gurthrie Ivanna K. Eisenberg Nancy Fabes Richard A. Murphy Bridget C. Holmgren Robin Mazsk Pat Suh Karen 《Motivation and emotion》1997,21(1):87-108
The relations of dispositional regulation (attentional control, ego control), ego resiliency, and emotionality (general emotional intensity and negative emotionality) to situational measures of sympathy and personal distress were examined. Situational sympathy and personal distress were assessed with facial, self-reported, and heart rate reactions to an empathy-inducing film. Teachers and parents completed measures of children's dispositional regulation and emotionality. In general, children who evidenced sympathy (e.g., facial sadness, mean heart rate decline, and self-reported sympathy) were rated higher in regulation and resiliency, although findings sometimes were obtained for only one sex. Children who evidenced personal distress (e.g., facial distress), as well as facial sadness, were rated relatively high in emotionality. Gaze aversion from the film was correlated with regulation and boys' resiliency, and was negatively related to negative emotionality. 相似文献