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981.
Accuracy for a second target is reduced when it is presented within 500 msec of a first target. This phenomenon is called
the attentional blink (AB). A diffused attentional state (via positive affect or an additional task) has been shown to reduce the AB, whereas a
focused attentional state (via negative affect) has been shown to increase the AB, purportedly by influencing the amount of
attentional investment and flexibility. In the present study, individual differences in personality traits related to positive
affect, negative affect, and cognitive flexibility were used to predict individual differences in AB magnitude. As hypothesized,
greater extraversion and openness predicted smaller ABs. Greater openness also predicted higher overall target accuracy. Greater
neuroticism predicted larger ABs and lower overall target accuracy. Conscientiousness, associated with less cognitive flexibility,
predicted lower overall target accuracy. Personality may modulate the AB by influencing overinvestment via dispositional tendencies
toward more or less stringent or capable cognitive control. 相似文献
982.
Thomas Sanocki Karen Goldman Jennifer Waltz Cameron Cook William Epstein Gregg C. Oden 《Memory & cognition》1985,13(2):145-157
In general, studies on the effects of a sentence context on word identification have focused on how context affects the efficiency of processing a single target word, presented separately from the context. Such studies probably would be incapable of measuring contextual facilitation resulting from cascaded or parallel processing of neighboring words within a sentence. To measure these and other types of facilitation, we presented entire phrases and sentences for subjects to read as fast as possible and to monitor for nonwords. Subjects read at rates representative of natural reading. Experiment 1 demonstrated a large contextual facilitation effect on decision time. Experiment 2 showed that facilitation is caused by specific semantic information and, perhaps to a greater degree, by nonpredictive syntactic information. Experiment 3 showed that the amount of facilitation is greater than could be accounted for by separate contributions from autonomous word level and sentence level processes. These results present difficulties for an autonomous model of reading, but are consistent with interactive models, in which the results of ongoing sentential analyses are combined with stimulus information to identify words. 相似文献
983.
Nannette Evans Commander Yali Zhao Hongli Li Karen M. Zabrucky Lin-Miao L. Agler 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2014,33(4):655-671
In the present study we examined the ability of American and Chinese undergraduate students to calibrate their understanding of textbook passages translated into their native languages. Students read a series of texts and made predictions of their understanding of each text as well as the number of questions they would be able to answer correctly. Students also made postdictions of their test performance. Chinese students were significantly better than American students in calibrating their understanding of passages and predicting how many comprehension items they would answer correctly. Chinese students also outperformed American students on comprehension tests. All students were able to make more accurate postdictions of comprehension test scores than predictions. Results are related to possible instructional differences between American and Chinese students. Several possible directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
984.
Katie Witkiewitz Kevin King Robert J. McMahon Johnny Wu Jeremy Luk Karen L. Bierman John D. Coie Kenneth A. Dodge Mark T. Greenberg John E. Lochman Ellen E. Pinderhughes 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2013,41(2):223-237
Strong associations between conduct disorder (CD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and substance use disorders (SUD) seem to reflect a general vulnerability to externalizing behaviors. Recent studies have characterized this vulnerability on a continuous scale, rather than as distinct categories, suggesting that the revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) take into account the underlying continuum of externalizing behaviors. However, most of this research has not included measures of disorders that appear in childhood [e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)], nor has it considered the full range of possibilities for the latent structure of externalizing behaviors, particularly factor mixture models, which allow for a latent factor to have both continuous and categorical dimensions. Finally, the majority of prior studies have not tested multidimensional models. Using lifetime diagnoses of externalizing disorders from participants in the Fast Track Project (n?=?715), we analyzed a series of latent variable models ranging from fully continuous factor models to fully categorical mixture models. Continuous models provided the best fit to the observed data and also suggested that a two-factor model of externalizing behavior, defined as (1) ODD+ADHD+CD and (2) SUD with adult antisocial behavior sharing common variance with both factors, was necessary to explain the covariation in externalizing disorders. The two-factor model of externalizing behavior was then replicated using a nationally representative sample drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication data (n?=?5,692). These results have important implications for the conceptualization of externalizing disorders in DSM-5. 相似文献
985.
Effect of Age,Length of Unemployment,and Problem‐Focused Coping on Positive Reemployment Expectations 下载免费PDF全文
This study explored the interrelated job search, unemployment, and coping literature (e.g., Leana & Feldman, 1990 ; McKee‐Ryan, Song, Wanberg, & Kinicki, 2005 ), in which the effects of age, length of unemployment, and coping behaviors on reemployment expectations were investigated. The study included unique demographics in which 65% were long‐term unemployed. Length of unemployment, networking comfort, and job search confidence were significant in a regression, and age was not. Regardless of age, reemployment expectations can be higher if the job seeker has higher levels of networking comfort and/or job search confidence or lower if they have been unemployed for a longer duration. 相似文献
986.
Examination of the relation between an assessment of skills and performance on auditory–visual conditional discriminations for children with autism spectrum disorder 下载免费PDF全文
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Padraic Monaghan Karen Mattock Robert A. I. Davies Alastair C. Smith 《Cognitive Science》2015,39(5):1099-1112
Learning to map words onto their referents is difficult, because there are multiple possibilities for forming these mappings. Cross‐situational learning studies have shown that word‐object mappings can be learned across multiple situations, as can verbs when presented in a syntactic context. However, these previous studies have presented either nouns or verbs in ambiguous contexts and thus bypass much of the complexity of multiple grammatical categories in speech. We show that noun word learning in adults is robust when objects are moving, and that verbs can also be learned from similar scenes without additional syntactic information. Furthermore, we show that both nouns and verbs can be acquired simultaneously, thus resolving category‐level as well as individual word‐level ambiguity. However, nouns were learned more quickly than verbs, and we discuss this in light of previous studies investigating the noun advantage in word learning. 相似文献
990.
Pilot Testing of an Online Training for Criminal Justice Professionals on Medication‐Assisted Treatment 下载免费PDF全文
Jason Matejkowski Karen L. Dugosh Nicolle T. Clements David S. Festinger 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2015,36(1):13-27
There is widespread misunderstanding about medication‐assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid addiction. Although most MAT trainings target providers, criminal justice program staff and treatment referrers often determine offender placement. This article supports the efficacy of an online MAT training for criminal justice stakeholders. 相似文献